...Report on the Virginia Resolutions, Madison stated the doctrine as follows: "The States . . . being parties to the constitutional compact, and in their...made by them be violated; and, consequently, that as parties to it, they must themselves decide, in the last resort, such questions as may be of sufficient...

...states [were] parties to the constitutional compact, and in their sovereign capacity," Madison reasoned, "there can be no tribunal, above their authority,...resort, whether the compact made by them be violated." Thus he concluded that the states "must themselves decide, in the last resort, such questions as may...

...in "their sovereign capacity" as the original parties to the federal compact, could never renounce their authority "to decide in the last resort, whether the compact made by them be violated."5 Whatever the fair meaning of these remarks, they and the original resolutions they defended...

...essential nature of compacts," it followed that there can be no tribunal above the authority of the states "to decide in the last resort whether the compact made by them be violated." To grant "such exclusive right to the General Government ... is to convert it in fact into a general...

...Constitution was a compact between the states at least in the last sense (of sovereign peoples). Consequently, "[T]here can be no tribunal above their authority,...resort, whether the compact made by them be violated." Although the federal judiciary "is, in all questions submitted to it by the forms of the constitution,...

...compact between the states at least in the last sense (of sovereign peoples). Consequently, "[Tjhere can be no tribunal above their authority, to decide...resort, whether the compact made by them be violated." Although the federal judiciary "is, in all questions submitted to it by the forms of the constitution,...

...other things, that the people of the States — acting in their sovereign capacity, have the right "to decide, in the last resort, whether the compact made by them be violated;" and shows, conclusively, that, without it, and the right of the States to interfere to protect themselves...

...among other things, that the people of the States— acting in their sovereign capacity, have the right "to decide, in the last resort, whether the compact made by them be violated;" and shows, conclusively, that, without it, and the right of the State to interfere to protect themselves...

...most prominent in framing the Constitution, had used this language, " The States being parties to the compact and in their sovereign capacity, it follows...made by them be violated, and consequently that, as parties to it, they must decide in the last resort such questions as may be of sufficient magnitude...

...formed by the sanction of the States, given by each in its sovereign capacity. The States, then, being parties to the constitutional compact and in their...they must themselves decide, in the last resort, such ques7 tions as may be of sufficient magnitude to require their interposition." An assemblage of citizens...