in his commentary on the proceedings which took place before this Court at passing sentence of fugitation against Kinloch of Kinloch,' and sentenced him to four months' imprisonment in the jail of Glasgow. For a remark on the proceedings at the subequent trial of this M'Leod, in February 1820, Mr. Watson, editor of The Edinburgh Correspondent,' was admonished and fined 57.; and Alexander Murray, a compositor in his office, who had written the article complained of, was imprisoned one month. On this occasion, Lord Pitmilly rejoiced in the advantage which this country possessed over our sister country. There we may every day see the newspapers filled with accounts of examinations and other preliminary proceedings. This cannot, at least ought not, to take place here. It should be thoroughly understood that nothing can be published respecting any pending trial; and that this Court will punish any person whatsoever who shall publish any account or statement of supposed crimes or intended charges, for both Judges and Jury ought to come into Court with their minds free and uncontaminated, knowing nothing but what appears from the evidence taken in their presence. The law of Scotland accordingly was so tender of any thing like pre-occupation, that all precognitions and examinations previous to trial were taken with that privacy which could not be injurious to the parties, or produce any prepossession. Now, when we reflect on the vast and indefinite powers of a Lord Advocate, as exhibited in the case of Borthwick, brought before the House of Commons in June 25, 1822; that a trial is considered to be 'pending' from the first commitment to the conviction, or discharge without trial, or after acquittal of the accused person; and that the evidence given by a witness on precognition, cannot be contrasted with that which he gives on the trial for the purpose of detecting prevarication or perjury, we shall the better understand the grounds of Lord Pitmilly's rejoicing, and the merits of Scotch compared with English judicature and practical freedom of the press. THE MISSIONER. As pressing onward through life's chequered scene, Points to the coming hours, while the low sound 494 RECENT TRAVELS IN THE CYRENAICA.* INFLUENCED by a strong passion for travelling, M. Pacho had already made several journeys through Egypt, when, on a sudden, the thought of the unsuccessful researches in that quarter of Africa, where the unfortunate Cyrene lay overthrown, and almost annihi- „ lated, led him to conceive the project of penetrating into the Libyan Pentapolis, without suffering himself to be intimidated either by the difficulties which he had already encountered in 1820, with the expedition of General Minutoli, or by the accounts which were given of the character of the inhabitants of Libya. M. Pacho left Alexandria on the 3d of November, 1824, confining himself to the costume which he had already worn in the desert, and availing himself of the knowledge which he had acquired of the manners and language of its inhabitants. M. Pacho took with him a young European, M. Muller, with whom he had before travelled, two guides to point out the bearing of the sea- . cost, the wells, and the monuments, and some few servants; in all, they amounted to nine persons. Twelve camels and four dromedaries completed their caravan, which had to cross, not only hot and almost scorching deserts, but also territories occupied by indi-'' viduals of a disposition more or less hostile. In fact, these desertsTM1 are overrun by miserable fakirs, united under the vain pretext of a pilgrimage to Mecca, by means of which they obtain food ▾ and shelter in the tents of the religious Musulmans. Marching) d without order, they accost all those whom they meet, despoil them, and often even wound them with the knives with which they are provided, and which they keep concealed under their garments. In the same degree as the Welled Ali, who compose the first Arab tribe which is met after leaving Egypt, are simple, mild and pacific, so are the other tribes who adjoin them on the west, those of the Harabi, intolerant. The Harabis occupy Cyrenaica, and all that part of Marmorica which extends to the west of Catabathmus Magnus, and the Akabah El-Kebir-el-Solum. It was at the extreme of their territory, that all the plans of General Minutoli failed; they thought him to be a spy of the Pasha of Egypt, or a Christian, unworthy of their favour. It is easy to suppose that the anxiety of M. Pacho, on his arrival among these people, must have. been great. But after a great many conferences, the simplicity of his costume, his being alone, his confidence and his firmness, obtained from these ferocious men that which an escort and grand Narrative of Travels in Marmorica, Cyrenaica, and the Oases of Audjelah and of Morahdeh, accompanied with geographical and topogra phical maps and plates, representing the monuments of these countries; by M. J. R. Pacho.-From the French Globe. titles was not able to obtain. He traversed l'Akabah, and explored, not without frequent danger, all the Lybian Pentapolis. He was able to lay down a detailed map, and drew a topographical plan of Cyrene and its environs, taking drawings of the monuments, and copying inscriptions found on them. This successful traveller has collected sufficient materials to form two quarto volumes, and to publish one hundred engraved plates, which have all a genuine interest, whether with regard to art, to history, or to the natural sciences. A scrupulous observer, M. Pacho seems to have executed his task with the most perfect fidelity. If we suffer a regret to escape us, it is to see that an accident has deprived him of the only barometer which he had in his possession, and that consequently he was only enabled to calculate by estimations, for which his knowledge in botany afforded him great assistance, all the elevated tracks which he met with, especially those to the west of Catabathmus Magnus. In this first part of his relation, which M. Pacho is about to publish, he gives an introduction to the history of Cyrenaica, and a complete description of Marmorica. The historical introduction is full of interest, and announces numerous researches which we shall endeavour to make known. With regard to the plates, six of them give a description of Marmorica, and the other four relate to Cyrenaica. It is known that all that side of Africa which faces the Mediterranean, was for a long time ranked under two denominations: whilst Carthage reigned over a space of more than a thousand leagues, from the columns of Hercules to the great Syrtis, the small state of Cyrene belonged to Egypt, a kingdom which the ancients. placed, not in Africa but in Asia. This region,' says M. Pacho, comprehended between the mountains of the Atlantic and the valley of the Nile, forms an immense dry plain, a horrible abode, which will remain unknown to men, at the same time that it is forgotten by nature, if, among the continual undulations from the naked rocks, and the sandy plains, you do not encounter small fertile villages, where the inhabitants are found upon the earth, like islanders in the middle of the sea. But if you go towards the south part, on the side where it forms a large promontory, you find, by a sort of miracle, these dreary deserts changed all at once into woody mountains, into cheerful meadows; you see fountains springing into large sheets of water from the mossy rocks, separated into rivulets among the plains, and falling in cascades among the ravines. To conclude this contrast, you see the breeze from the sea playing among the foliage of the forests, where it glides gently over the mossy flowers, which are protected by the hills covered with foliage, against the devastating winds of the desert." Oriental Herald Vol. 16. 2 L With no other limit on the north than the Mediterranean, a country, to which nature has been so prodigal in her gifts, cannot long escape the investigations of civilized people. As far back as the sixth century before our era, about three hundred years after the foundation of Carthage, some Grecian colonies went and established themselves there. The island of Platæa was their first abode; Cyrene, so properly called the root of towns, succeeded it, and be-came the cradle of a celebrated state, where the arts flourished, and which became illustrious for great men; and the five towns were soon raised, which form the Pentapolis, without counting other towns which are not of the same importance. The origin of Cyrene, its passage from a state of monarchy to a state of republicanism, its alliance with Alexandria, its submission to its successor, and its subjection to the Roman people, are general facts, known beyond all doubt; but many particular circumstances are found scattered among the writers of antiquity, and it might be possible, by collecting them, to throw some light on the interior revolutions of Pentapolis, and in particular upon those which have been caused by religion. To fill up this chasm, is a portion of the task which M. Pacho takes upon himself. Historians attribute the colonization of this country to an oracle of Delphos. The Greek island of Thera was for some years afflicted with a drought, and its inhabitants languished in want. The oracle, informed perhaps by the expedition of the Argonauts, of the great fertility of a part of Lybia, directed one of their descendants to go to this hospitable land, and enjoy the benefits his native soil refused! Battus, the founder of the colony, gave, in his newly formed kingdom, the greatest importance to the worship of the Gods. He caused woods to be planted behind the town, which ⚫ were consecrated to them. A magnificent temple was raised before the grotto of the nymph Cyrene; this temple was dedicated to Apollo; and whilst an eternal fire was kept in the interior, the waters of the fountain murmuringly traversed its sanctuary. To these religious pomps, Battus joined wise political institutions. To cement the union of his subjects, and recal to their remembrance their mother country, he established at Cyrene the Carneian feats, which were celebrated at Sparta on the seventh day of the month Carneus. At this epoch the people quitted their work; they repaired to a spacious plain, under the shade of odorous trees, and there, after having implored the clemency of the gods by solemn sacrifices, they gave themselves up to joy in the public banquets, and they performed the military dances. Grateful for so many benefits, the Cyreneans, at the death of Battus, gave him heroic honours, and endeavoured by ingenious emblems to perpetuate the memory of the internal peace and the prosperity which the colony had enjoyed under his government. They consecrated to him the sylphium, the symbol of their riches, and they erected him a tomb at the extremity of the market-place of the town, in order that his shadow might enjoy the daily spectacle of the assemblies of the people, and that the people might always have before them the remembrance of his virtues.' The successors of Battus, far from following his steps, were all, Pindar tells us, impious and unfortunate; and the report of history is found to agree in this with the poet. The reign of the Battiades lasted for about 200 years. There only remain to us some very slight notices on the history of the colony after it became a republic. When Alexander, having conquered Egypt, wished to visit the oracle of Ammon, the Cyreneans sent some ambassadors to him with presents. Alexander did not despise these symptoms of respect from a free people; and envoys of Cyrene accompanied him as far as the temple. The wars which Cyrene had been engaged in with Carthage with respect to the limits of the two countries, and which was terminated and illustrated by the patriotic devotion of two brothers Philones, again brought to our notice its political existence. But still later we see it weakened by the dissensions of its citizens, falling under the yoke of Ptolemy, at one time united to the Egyptian empire, at another given as a portion to some prince of the royal family. Apion finding himself without heirs, and not being willing that his kingdom should again fall under the dominion of the Egyptians, leagued himself to the Roman people about the year 96 of our era. Thus attached to the fortune of Rome, Cyrene followed its destinies. Before we come to its fall with that empire, and in consequence under the power of a barbarous people, we must penetrate into its interior organization, and find out the causes of its continual dissensions. One may ask what common league united the different towns of Pentapolis, and to what degree the African civilization has - been raised. It appears that, in spite of the difference of their origin, the intercourse between Carthage and Cyrene was so close, that whatever knowledge was attained by the one, was reflected upon the other, which has left nothing but its great remembrance. Unfortunately, if history is barren, the ruins which remain are also so; and the voyage of M. Pacho has shown us that almost nothing exists of Cyrene properly so called, nor of the Cyrene which was submitted to the Ptolemies; most of the ruins and inscriptions of which he has taken a copy, belong to the time of the Romans. At least we may know the commercial relations which procured for Cyrene that opulence and luxury of which the writers of antiquity speak. But history is also mute on this point; it is always more occupied in quarrels among the people, than in their commerce and industry. M. Pacho has nothing to offer us, but some very plausible conjectures. 6 'It would be,' says he, very interesting to know the relation which the Cyreneans still held with the mother country; a poet |