sixth or last pavilion is designed for special diseases, and the wards are therefore smaller. The floors of the wards are laid with wainscot as being non-absorbent, and tongued with hoop iron, and prepared for waxing and polishing; the walls are plastered with Parian cement, with the same object, the finishing coat of which is tinted to avoid the glare of the white. The windows are constructed in three divisions, the lower part being hung to open in the usual way, and the upper sash drops to the depth of the transom. They are glazed with plate glass.

2975. The general entrance to the hospital is placed in the centre, and the hall forms the substructure of the chapel. Near to it is the kitchen department. On the first floor are the resident medical officer's department, two operating theatres, &c., placed between the ends of the blocks next the side public thoroughfare. The administrative department is placed at the end, adjoining the bridge, in a detached building, and comprises the governors' hall, committee room, counting-house, clerk and surveyor's offices, the treasurer's residence, and many other apartments necessarily required for so large an establishment. The training institution for nurses adjoins the matron's residence between the first and second wards, and affords accommodation for forty probationers, each having a separate bedroom.

2975g. The Warming and Ventilating Arrangements.-For the latter, the natural system is depended upon as much as possible, but in order to change the air during cold and boisterous weather and at night, a main extracting shaft is carried up in the well-hole of the staircase, and in this is placed the smoke flue from the boiler, consisting of a wrought iron tube 15 in. in diameter. In the upper part of this shaft is also placed the hot-water cistern. Shafts are carried from the ends of all the wards, both at the ceiling and floor level, and from the centre of the stove hereafter mentioned, communicating with a horizontal trunk in the roof, which trunk is connected with the heated shaft previously referred to. To replace the air thus extracted, fresh air is introduced by means of zinc tubes laid between the "Dennett arching" and the floor boards, communicating with the stoves and hot-water coils, the whole admitting of regulation by valves. The wards generally are warmed by three open fireplaces, aided in cold weather by an auxiliary system of hot water. These stand in the middle of the wards, with vertical shafts, an inner one of wrought iron 15 in. diameter, and an outer case of cast iron, the space between forming a ventilating shaft, which is connected with the main trunk in the roof. The smoke tube is carried down to the basement, from whence it can be swept. The ventilation of the lavatories and water closets is entirely independent of the wards, and is carried up the shaft in the river turret. That of the medical museum and school buildings, placed beyond the hospital buildings, is on the same general principle, the ventilating and smoke shaft being contained in the tower at the southern end of the building. There is an hydraulic lift to each pavilion.

For the numerous other details the student must be referred to the paper itself, which contains a plan and perspective view of this admirably designed building.

2975h. The sixth report of the Local Government Board contains the report made by Dr Bristowe and Mr. Holmes on the inspection of all hospitals in Great Britain and Ireland.

2975i. The first circular hospital erected in England was the Miller Memorial Hos pital, at Greenwich, designed by Messrs. Keith D. Young and Henry Hall. The Burnley hospital was another, and then the Hastings, St. Leonard's, and East Sussex hospital which was opened in September, 1887 (illustrated in British Architect, January 28, 1887 and Builder, p. 180). The Antwerp hospital, the hospital at Hampstead, and the circular hospitals for the army deserve inspection; but this Hastings hospital is the most typical, and probably the most complete building on the circular principle which has yet been erected in this country, or indeed anywhere.

2975). In the rectangular ward, where the nurse's room is at one end, while at the othe is possibly placed the worst "case," that is, the patient who is most severely ill, the nurse as the day goes on, must find the whole length of that ward a great strain upon he physically. In the circular ward, the nurse can see all the beds except one-certainly except two-in the whole ward from any point in it; and she has to travel the shortes possible distance to get to any one patient who may need her services at any given time It must not be regarded as the most perfect system of hospital construction; it is on type of construction suited to special cases, and one which deserves a fair and prolonge trial. (Henry C. Burdett). Professor Marshall and P. Gordon Smith, Circular Systen of Hospital Wards, 8vo. 1878.

2975k. VILLAGE HOSPITALS.-Each village ought to have the means of accommodatin instantly, or at a few hours' notice, say four cases of infectious disease, in at least tw separate rooms, without requiring their removal to a distance. A decent four-room o six-room cottage, at the disposal of the authorities, would answer the purpose. Whe such provision as this has been made, and cases of disease in excess of the accommodatio

occur, the sick should not be crowded together, but temporary further provision be made for them. The most rapid and the cheapest way of obtaining this further accommodation may often be to hire other neighbouring cottages; or, in default of this, tents or huts might be erected upon adjacent ground. The regulation bell tent is 14 feet diameter, 10 feet in height, the area of base is 54 square feet, and cubic space 513 feet. The regulation hospital marquée is 29 feet long, 14 feet wide, with side walls 5 feet 4 in., height to ridge 11 feet 8 in., giving a cubic capacity of a little over 3,000 feet.

Mr. Geo Buchanan's report (1888) to the Local Government Board, containing sugges tions as to the provision of isolation hospital accommodation, with plans, is of high importance.

29751. CONVALESCENT HOSPITALS, erected in the country for the recovery of patients after they have been treated for their diseases in town hospitals, and then only requiring a short time of change and fresh air before returning to work, are now considered desirable adjuncts to hospital treatment.

2975m. An Imbecile asylum is provided at the Poplar and Stepney sick asylum; Austin Bros., architects.

SECT. III.

INFIRMARY.

2976. The word infirmary appears to have two opposite meanings. In one it designates a place for aged, blind, or impotent persons; the other, a place for the cure of wounded or diseased persons; such are hospitals, which buildings were originally called infirmaries. The infirmary proper is the place appropriated to the sick in a large establishment, such as an asylum, a prison, a workhouse or a school. Greenwich Hospital has an infirmary attached to it.

2976a. Workhouse infirmaries were until lately greatly condemned for the want of accommodation; the want of classification and separation; imperfect ventilation, owing to the insufficient supply of cubic space, sometimes aggravated by essential defects in construction: 500 cubic feet per bed only being provided where 1,000 feet at least is required; insufficient washing arrangements; and other comforts for the patients, as well as for the nurses, and officers, neglected.

29766 The requirements of the Local Government Board at Whitehall for a provincial workhouse sick ward or infirmary, comprise a separate building from the workhouse itself. The sick should be divided into: 1. Ordinary sick of both sexes; 2. Lying-in women, with a separate labour room adjoining the lying-in ward; 3. Itch cases of both sexes; 4. Dirty and offensive cases of both sexes; 5. Venereal cases of both sexes; 6. Children of both sexes; and, lastly, 7. Fever and small-pox cases of both sexes. Classes 1 to 6 may be accommodated in the infirmary; separate entrances for 3 and 5; a detached building with separate rooms for 7. In the case of large infectious wards, there should be a detached washhouse, otherwise a shed containing a copper, in which the linen may be disinfected by boiling before being taken to the general laundry. The length of dormitory wards should be calculated according to the following minimum wall-space for each bed, in addition to that occupied by doors or fireplaces, viz.: for inmates in health, adults 4 feet; women with infants 5 feet; children, single beds 3 feet, double beds 5 feet; and for sick, itch, and venereal cases, 6 feet; for lying-in, offensive, fever, and small-pox cases, 8 feet. The day rooms should afford accommodation for not less than one-half of those who occupy the day and night rooms. A minimum of 20 feet floor space should be allowed for each sick person. Sick wards should be 29 feet wide and 10 to 12 feet in height. Infectious wards should be 20 feet wide and 12 feet in height, and should have external windows on their opposite sides. The gangways should be in the centre of the wards; but if a sick ward holds only one row of beds, which is not recommended, it should be at least 12 feet in width, and have the gangway and fireplace on the side opposite to the beds. The dimensions above given are considered the most economical, and at the same time the most convenient for the various classes of wards. But where they are not so constructed, there should be

One room or a suite of rooms communicating by a gangway should rarely exceed 90 feet in length. Such a room or suite of rooms may be connected with a similar suite in the

same line by the central part of the building, in which would be placed the apartments of the nurses, and other offices; or they may be placed in blocks, parallel or otherwise, connected by a corridor. Nurses' rooms and suitable kitchens and sculleries should be provided. Special means of ventilation, apart from the usual means of doors, windows, and fireplaces, should be secured. Air bricks are suggested, 9 in. by 3 in. or 9 in. by 6 in., covered on the inside with metal, having perforations of about one-twentieth of an inch in diameter, inserted about 8 feet or 10 feet apart in the upper and lower parts of the external wall. The lower set may be fitted with hit-and-miss gratings, made to lock so that they may be regulated only by the proper authorities. Ventilating fireplaces are useful. Where hot-water pipes are used, they should run round the wards, and a portion of the fresh air pass over them. If no other system of warming be adopted, fireplaces should be provided in all inhabited rooms, say a fireplace to each 30 feet of length. The walls of all sick wards should be plastered internally.

2976c. The infirmary for the Central London District Schools at Hanwell, designed 1865 by Mr. Gale, accommodates 100 children of each sex. It forms three sides of a quadrangle, and consists of ten wards, five on each floor. Each ward has a nurses' room,

two fireplaces, and set of bath room, water-closets, &c.; six of the wards have double sets with two entrances for the convenience of subdivision. The corridors are all provided with open fireplaces and draw-off sinks, with supply of hot and cold water. In each corridor, at a central point between the various wards, is a lift by which provisions, &c., are sent up direct from the kitchen.

2976d. The infirmary at Blackburn, erected 1858 by Messrs Smith and Turnbull, may be described as arranged on the pavilion principle, consisting of a main corridor, on each side of which are placed eight wards alternating, each holding 8 beds in a ward, with their own set of bath rooms and water-closets. In the middle and separating the set is the building devoted to a chapel, the necessary offices and apartments, and the operating room, with two wards of four beds in each.

SECT. IV.

PRIVATE BUILDINGS.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.

2983. Private buildings differ in their proper character from public buildings as much as one public building differs in character from another not of the same kind. The ends in both, however, in common, are suitableness and utility. The means are the same, namely, the observance of convenience and economy. The same elements are used in the formation of one as of the other; hence they are subject to the same principles and the same mechanical composition. Distribution, which is usually treated distinct from decoration and construction, and very improperly so, as applied to private edifices, is conducted as for public buildings, that is, as we have said, with a view to utility and economy.

2984. If the student thoroughly understand the true principles of architecture,—if he possess the facility of combining the different elements of buildings, or, in other words, fully comprehend the mechanism of composition, which it has in a previous part of this Book (III.) been our object to explain, nothing will remain for him in the composition of private buildings, but to study the special or particular conveniences required in each. There are some quaint old aphorisms of Dr. Fuller, prebendary of Sarum, which are so applicable to all private buildings, that we shall not apologise for transferring them to our pages.

2985. "First," he says, "let not the common rooms be several, nor the several rooms common; that the common rooms should not be private or retired, as the hall (which is a pandochæum), galleries, &c., which are to be open; and the chambers, closets, &c., retired and private, provided the whole house be not spent in paths. Light (God's eldest daughter) is a principal beauty in a building; yet it shines not alike from all parts of the heavens. An east window gives the infant beams of the sun, before they are of strength to do harm, and is offensive to none but a sluggard. A south window in summer is a chimney with a fire in it, and stands in need to be screened by a curtain. In a west window the sun grows low, and over familiar towards night in summer time, and with more light than delight. A north window is best for butteries and cellars, where the beer will be sour because the sun smiles upon it. Thorough lights are best for rooms of entertainments, and windows on one side for dormitories."

2986. "Secondly, as to capaciousness, a house had better be too little for a day than too big for a year; therefore houses ought to be proportioned to ordinary occasions, and not to extraordinary. It will be easier borrowing a brace of chambers of a neighbour for a night, than a bag of money for a year; therefore 'tis a vanity to proportion the receipt to an extraordinary occasion, as those do who, by overbuilding their houses, dilapidate their lands, so that their estates are pressed to death under the weight of their house."

2987. "Thirdly, as for strength, country houses must be substantives, able to stand of themselves, not like city buildings, supported and flanked by those of their neighbour on each side. By strength is meant such as may resist weather and time, but not attacks; castles being out of date in England, except on the sea-coasts, &c. As for moats round houses, 'tis questionable whether the fogs that arise from the water are not more unhealthful than the defence that the water gives countervails, or the fish brings profit." 2988. "Fourthly, as for beauty, let not the front look asquint upon a stranger, but accost him right at his entrance. Uniformity and proportions are very pleasing to the eye; and 'tis observable that freestone, like a fair complexion, grows old, whilst bricks keep their beauty longest."

2989. "Fifthly, let the offices keep their due distance from the mansion-house; those are too familiar which presume to be of the same pile with it. The same may be said of stables and barns; without which a house is like a city without works, it can never hold out long. It is not only very inconvenient, but rather a blemish than a beauty to a building, to see the barns and stables too near the house; because cattle, poultry, and suchlike must be kept near them, which will be an annoyance to a house. Gardens ought also to be disposed in their proper places. When God planted a garden eastward, he made to grow out of the ground every tree pleasant to the sight and good for food. Sure he knew better what was proper for a garden than those who now-a-days only feed their eyes and starve their taste and smell." The same honest old dignitary (would we had some such in these days!) says, "He who alters an old house is ty'd as a translator to the original, and is confined to the fancy of the first builder. Such a man would be unwise to pull down a good old building, perhaps to erect a worse new one. But those who erect a new house from the ground are worthy of blame if they make it not handsome and useful, when method and confusion are both of a price to them."

SECT. V.

PRIVATE BUILDINGS IN TOWNS.

2990. The common houses of the town are not those which will engage our attention. In London, and indeed throughout the towns of England, the habits of the people lead them to prefer separate houses for each family, to one large one in which several families may be well lodged, or, in other words, they prefer rows of mean-looking buildings, with holes in the walls for windows, to the palatial appearance which results in Paris and most of the other cities in Europe, from large magnificent buildings with courts, and capable of accommodating a number of different establishments. The section will be confined chiefly to the arrangement of a house of the first class; and from what will be said, sufficient hints may be drawn for the composition of those in a lower class.

2991. The private buildings in a town are often in their composition beset with difficulties which do not occur in those of the country, where the extent of site is freer and ampler. These, therefore, may be isolated, and receive light from every side. Their offices may be separated from the main house, and the parts may be disposed in the simplest possible manner; but in cities the site is generally more or less restricted, often very irregular in form, and generally bounded by party walls. Yet, with all these obstacles, it is necessary to provide almost as many conveniences as are required in a country house; whence the disposition cannot be so simple in its application as where there is no retraint. All that can be done is to make it as much so as the nature of the spot will permit, and to produce the maximum of comfort which the site affords.

2992. Nothing must be considered below the attention of an accomplished architect, nor anything above his powers; he ought as cheerfully to undertake for the proprietor the conduct of the meanest cottage as of the most magnificent palace. Little will be requisite to be said on the common houses of London, or other cities and towns, in which there are seldom more than two rooms and a closet on a floor, with an opening behind. These may be varied; but the general mode is to construct them with a kitchen in a floor sunk below the ground, and a room behind, serving for a variety of purposes; an area in front, with vaults under the street, and the same often in the rear of the house. The space opposite

the descending stairs will form a dark closet; and the privies, and wine and beer cellars, with other small offices, are provided in the vaults. On the ground floor there is rarely more than a passage on one side, which conducts to a staircase; and this requiring more width than the passage itself, the best room on this floor is placed in front, and the back is a smaller room, often opening on a small light closet still further in the rear. A yard is supposed behind, by which light is obtained for the back room. On the one-pair and other floors the passage becomes necessary as an access; the drawing or front room therefore runs over it, and becomes larger, capable, in the upper floors, of subdivision for bedrooms, or other purposes, as may be required; and the back rooms with their closets, if carried up, follow the form of those on the ground floor. Though little variety may be the result of the restricted space to which this species of house is usually confined, the addition of four or five feet either way will enable an intelligent architect to throw in closets and other conveniences which are invaluable, as relieving a small house from the pressure which otherwise will exist in the different apartments. But this will be obvious to the practical man, unless he walks about blindfold. The houses we have just described may stand upon a site of about twenty feet by thirty feet, independent of the vaults in front and rear, and the back light closet, which is an invaluable appendage to a house of this description; which is the scale of a second-rate house.

2993. Of the next higher rate of house the varieties are too great to be described, because the extent of the largest arrives at what would be called a palace on the continent. But, taking a mean between that just described and that last named, we may take one similar to a moderate one in Portland Place for example. In such a one must be provided, on the basement or sunk story, vaults under the street for beer, coals, wood, privies, and the like, the refuse or dust of the house. The body or corps de logis on this floor must contain housekeeper's room, servants' hall, rooms for butler and head footman, wine cellar, closets for linen, strong room for plate, with closets and other conveniences for the household. The ascending staircase must also have a space set apart for it. In the rear, under the open area behind, will be placed a kitchen, scullery, and the larder, with the other appendages of this part of the household; an area, covered, where the communication with the rest of the floor is made between the body of the house and the offices in question. Beyond the kitchen are often vaults (though the disposition is sometimes otherwise), over which the stables and coachhouses are placed, opening on the ground floor on to a mews parallel to the street in which the house is situate. The ground floor of this disposition has usually a dining-room in front, with a good-sized hall at its side, leading to a staircase which ascends in direction of the long side of the house; and this is necessary when the rooms above are to communicate by folding doors. In some old houses, however, the staircase ascends between the front and back rooms, and a back staircase is provided by the side of it. But more commonly this is placed beyond the principal stairs, to allow of throwing the drawing-rooms into one. In rear of the dining-room is often placed a library for the gentleman of the house; and beyond this, and further than the back stairs, when the lateral staircase is used, a waiting-room, at the rear of which a water-closet may be placed, with a door from it to the area over the kitchen; or there may be a communication of this sort from the waiting-room, which may serve the purpose of access to the stables. On the one-pair floor the disposition will be two drawingrooms, a boudoir over the waiting-room, and beyond this a water-closet. On the two-pair floor two bed-rooms, each with a dressing-room, or three bed-rooms and one dressingroom, and a bath-room and water-closet. Above this four bed-rooms and closets may be obtained; and, if necessary, rooms in the roof in addition. For a good house of this class, with the offices, the plot of ground should not be much less than 100 feet by 30. 2994. Of the first-class of houses, as a model may be taken the town-house, in Piccadilly, of his Grace the Duke of Devonshire, which, with the offices and court-yard in front, covers an area extending about 231 feet towards the street, and 188 feet in depth, whereof the house itself occupies a frontage of 163 feet and a depth of 188 feet, and opens on to a large garden in the rear. On the east side of the court-yard are disposed the kitchen and other domestic offices, opposite whereto, on the west side, stand the coach-houses and stabling. The basement of the house contains apartments for the various persons attached to such an establishment. The principal floor, to which the ascent is by an external staircase, contains an entrance-hall, 35 feet by 30 feet, and communicates to an apartment on the west side, 33 feet by 22 feet, leading to the southwestern corner room, which is 20 feet square. On the north of the last is a room, making the north-west angle of the building, and this is 40 feet by 20 feet. On the east side of this last, and facing the north, is a room 33 feet by 23 feet, and in the centre of the north front, corresponding with the width of the hall, is an apartment 30 feet by 23 feet 6 inches. To the east of the last is a room 33 feet by 24 feet, and east of that, forming the north-east angle, is a small room 20 feet square. Thus far these rooms, seven in number, are all en suite, but this is in some measure interrupted by the remainder of the east flank, which is filled with three smaller rooms. To that of them, however, at the