Islands (Gloucester. 1883); Commission and Warrant Books in Public Record Office; Notes and Queries, passim, but especially 6th ser. x. 518, and 8th ser. vii. 41. The mystery which has so long clouded the family history of Shovell has been cleared away only within the last few gisters of the Hon. R. Marsham-Townshend and years by the researches among the Norfolk reMr. F. Owen Fisher, who have kindly placed their notes at the service of the present writer.] J. K. L. called attention to it (see RENNELL, JAMES; | wreck of Sir Cloudesley Shovell in the Scilly LAUGHTON, Physical Geography, p. 211). During the night they found themselves unexpectedly among the rocks of the Scilly Islands. Most of the ships escaped with great difficulty. The Association, carrying Shovell's flag, struck on the Bishop and Clerk and broke up. Two other ships, the Eagle and Romney; were lost at the same time. The body of Shovell, still living, was thrown on shore in Port hellick Cove, but a woman, who was the first to find it, coveting an emerald ring on one of the fingers, extinguished the flickering life. Near thirty years after, on her death-bed, she confessed the crime and delivered up to the clergyman the ring, which thus came into the possession of Shovell's old friend, the Earl of Berkeley, to one of whose descendants it now belongs. The body was afterwards taken on board the Salisbury, and carried to Plymouth, where it was embalmed by Dr. James Yonge [q. v.], then in private practice at Plymouth (Yonge's MS. Journal, by the kindness of the family): it was then sent to London, and buried, at the cost of the government, in Westminster Abbey, where an elaborate monument in very questionable taste was erected to Shovell's memory. He married, in 1691, Elizabeth, daughter of John Hill, and widow of Sir John Narbrough, and left issue two daughters, of whom the elder, Elizabeth, married Sir Robert Marsham, created Lord Romney in 1716, and had by him several children. She married, secondly, John, earl of Hyndford, for many years the English minister at the court of Frederick the Great. The younger daughter, Anne, married the Hon. Robert Mansell; and, secondly, John Blackwood, by whom she left issue. A portrait, by Michael Dahl (full-length), is in the National Portrait Gallery; another, by Dahl (half-length), is in the Painted Hall, Greenwich; a third, by Dahl, belongs to Mrs. Martin-Leake another, by an unknown artist, is in the town-hall of Rochester. Shovell's christian name has been spelt in at least twenty-five different ways. He himself usually wrote Clowd, but occasionally at full length, Clowdisley or Cloudisley. [Charnock's Biogr. Nav. ii. 15; Campbell's Lives of the Admirals, iii. 362; Naval Chronicle, xx. 130, xxxiii. 177; Hist. of Rochester (1817, 8vo), p. 241; Nichol's Herald and Genealogist, iii. 31, 191; Burchett's Transactions at Sea: Lediard's Naval History; Boyer's Life of Queen Anne; Edye's Hist. of the Royal Marine Forces; Duckett's Naval Commissioners; History of the Siege of Toulon, translated from the French, 1708, 12mo; Brun's Guerres Maritimes de la France: Port de Toulon; J. H. Cooke's Ship- | VOL. LII. SHOWER, SIR BARTHOLOMEW (1658-1701), recorder of London, born in Northgate Street, Exeter, on 14 Dec. 1658, of Exeter, by his wife Dorcas, daughter of was third son of William Shower, merchant, John Anthony. John Shower [q. v.] was his brother. Educated in his native city, entered the Middle Temple on 9 Sept. 1676, Bartholomew came to London early in 1675, was called to the bar on 21 May 1C80, and In 1683 he attained some prominence as an rapidly became distinguished as a pleader. uncompromising adherent of the court party by publishing An Antidote against Poison: composed of some remarks upon the Paper printed by the direction of the Lady Russell, and mentioned to have been delivered by the Lord Russell to the Sheriffs at the Place of Execution,' which he followed up in the same England Vindicated' against the partisans of year by The Magistracy and Government of Lord Russell. In 1684 he moved from the Temple into Chancery Lane, and next year John Holt [q. v.] Shower was knighted was appointed deputy recorder under Sir by James II at Whitehall on 12 May 1687, and was made recorder of London in place of Sir J. Tate on 6 Feb. 1688. He was made bencher of his inn on 25 May in this year, himself by his speech for the crown against and reader three years later. He signalised the seven bishops in June 1688, and but for the reaction that almost immediately followed he might have disputed James's favour with Jeffreys. As it was, however, he was replaced as recorder by Sir George Treby [q. v.] in November 1688. After the revolution he became a rancorous opponent of the court, and a political follower upon most issues of Sir Edward Seymour [q. v.] In 1695 he disputed the validity of a commitment by secretary of state for high treason in the case of the king v. Thomas Kendall and Richard Roe. In 1696 he was counsel for the defence of Ambrose Rookwood and Peter Cook, both charged with high treason; of Cook and Snatt, the nonjuring parsons who gave absolution on the scaffold to Sir William Parkyns [q.v.]; and in November he defended Sir John Fenwick, strongly deprecating the proceedings by M bill of attainder, on the ground that if he were acquitted his client would still be liable to proceedings under the common law. In 1698 he was retained on behalf of the 'Old' East India Company, and successfully screened his political leader, Seymour, from the imputation of bribery. In June 1699 he successfully defended Charles Duncombe against a charge of falsely endorsing exchequer bills, and four months later he was elected treasurer of the Middle Temple. Next month (November 1699) he was counsel for Sir Edward Seymour against Captain Kirke, who had killed the baronet's heir, Conway Seymour, in a duel. In 1701 he was ready with advice as to the best means of proceeding against the leading Kentish petitioners. He was taken ill suddenly at the Temple Church on 2 Dec. 1701, and two days later he died of pleurisy at his house in Temple Lane. His remains were taken to Pinner Hill, where he had recently acquired a seat, and buried in the chancel of Pinner church, where there is a slab to Shower's memory (LYSONS, Environs, ii. 587); but, says Le Neve, he had no right to the arms he was buried with, nor any other, as I guess' (Pedigrees of the Knights, p. 411). Shower states that he was married in Bread Street in 1682 by Samuel Johnson, the author of ' Julian the Apostate,' but his wife's name is not recorded. With advancing years Shower's jacobitism grew more robust. He wrote a bitter squib upon the opportunism of William Sherlock, entitled The Master of the Temple as bad a Lawyer as the Dean of St. Paul's is a Divine' (1696, 4to), and he corresponded in sympathetic terms with George Hickes [q. v.] the nonjuror. He was stigmatised in the fourth canto of Garth's 'Dispensary' as Vagellius, one reputed long For strength of lungs and pliancy of tongue. The Reports printed as Shower's are: 1. Cases in Parliament resolved and adjudged upon Petitions and Writs of Error' (1694-8), 1698, fol.; 3rd edit. 1740, fol. (see BRIDGMAN, Legal Bibliogr. p. 303). 2. Reports of Cases in King's Bench from 30 Car. II to 6 William III' (1678-95), London, 1708 and 1720, 2 vols. fol. ; 2nd edit. 1794, 2 vols. 8vo, London. Hardwicke, Holt, and Abinger have characterised these reports as of no authority. They were in fact printed from 'a foul copy' which fell into the printer's hands. Shower's abridged and corrected manuscript, containing many good cases touching the customs of London, never printed, fell into the hands of Edward Umfreville (who annotated it), and is now in the British Museum (Lansdowne MS. 1105). At the end of the volume are some curious autobiographical notes in Shower's own hand, constituting the main authority for the facts of his life. [Luttrell's Brief Hist. Narration, vols. v. and vi.; Boyer's William III, p. 70; Howell's State Trials, vols. ix. xii. xiii.; Lysons's Environs of London, ii. 586-7; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. i. 151, ii. 414; Macaulay's Hist. of England, ii. 692; Wallace's Reporters, 1855, p. 243; Marvin's Legal Bibliography. p. 646; Brooke's Bibl. Leg. P. 219; Campbell's Lord Chancellors, iv. 136; Allibone's Dict. of English Lit.; Notes from the librarian of the Middle Temple.] T. S. SHOWER, JOHN (1657-1715), nonconformist divine, elder brother of Sir Bartholo mew Shower [q. v.], was born at Exeter, and baptised on 18 May 1657. His father, William, a wealthy merchant, died about 1661, leaving a widow (Dorcas, daughter of John Anthony) and four sons. Shower was educated in turn at Exeter, at Taunton, and at the Newington Green academy, his mother removing with him to London. In 1677, before he was twenty, he began to preach, on the advice of Morton and Thomas Manton [q. v.] Next year, in consequence of the alleged popish plot,' a merchant's lecture was begun in the large room of a coffee-house in Exchange Alley. Four young preachers were chosen as evening lecturers, among them being Shower and Theophilus Dorrington [q. v.] Shower was ordained on 24 Dec. 1679 by five ejected ministers, headed by Richard Adams (1626?-1698) [q. v.] He at once became (still retaining his lectureship) assistant to Vincent Alsop [q. v.] in Tothill Street, Westminster, and held this post till 1683, when Sir Samuel Barnardiston [q. v.] sent him abroad with two other young ministers as companions of his nephew, Samuel Barnardiston. They made the grand tour, visiting France, Switzerland, Italy, and the Rhine. At Amsterdam, in July 1684, they parted, Shower remaining in Holland till 1686. Returning to London, he resumed his lecture at Exchange Alley, but the extreme pressure to which nonconformists were then subjected led him to return to Holland in the same year. He joined John Howe (1630-1705) [q. v.] at Utrecht. At the end of 1687 he became evening lecturer in the English presbyterian church at Rotterdam, of which Joseph Hill (1625-1707) [q. v.] was one of the pastors. He returned to London on receiving a call (19 Jan. 16901691) to succeed Daniel Williams [q. v.] as assistant to Howe at Silver Street. Here he was very popular, and soon received a call to the pastorate of the presbyterian congregation at Curriers' Hall, London Wall, which he accepted on 8 May 1691. In this charge he remained till death, having been 'married' to his flock by Matthew Mead [q. v.], as Calamy puts it. Twice he removed the congregation to larger meeting-houses, viz. at Jewin Street (1692) and Old Jewry (1701), having successively as assistants Timothy Rogers (1658-1728) [q. v.] and Joseph Bennet. Shower was a member of a club of ministers which, for some years from 1692, held weekly meetings at the house of Dr. Upton in Warwick Lane, Calamy being the leading spirit. He succeeded (1697) Samuel Annesley 19. v.] as one of the Tuesday lecturers at Salters' Hall. He was an emotional preacher, and very apt on special occasions. A fever, in May 1706, left his health permanently impaired. John Fox (1693-1763) [q. v.], who visited him in 1712, was impressed by his 'state and pride.' On 14 Sept. 1713 he had a paralytic stroke at Epping. He was able to preach again, but retired from active duty on 27 March 1715. He died at Stoke Newington on 28 June 1715, and was buried at Highgate. His funeral sermon was preached on 10 July by William Tong [q. v.] His portrait is in Dr. Williams's library, and has been six times engraved. He married, first, on 24 Sept. 1687, at Utrecht, Elizabeth Falkener (d. 1691), niece of Thomas Papillon [q. v.]; secondly, on 29 Dec. 1692, Constance White (d. 18 July 1701), by whom three children survived him. He published twenty-one single sermons, including funeral sermons for Anne Barnardiston (1682), Richard Walter (1692), Queen Mary (1695), Nathaniel Oldfield (1696), Jane Papillon (1698), Nathaniel Taylor (1702), Nehemiah Grew [q. v.], and an exhortation' at the ordination of Thomas Bradbury [q. v.]; also 1. Practical Reflections on the late Earthquakes in Jamaica,' 1693, 12mo. 2. 'The Day of Grace Four Sermons,' 1694, 12mo. 3. Family Religion, in Three Letters,' 1694, 12mo. 4. Some Account of the... Life... of Mr. Henry Gearing,' 1694, 12mo. Mourner's Companion,' 1699, 12mo (2 parts). 5. The 6. God's Thoughts and Ways,' 1699, 8vo. 7. Heaven and Hell,' 1700, 8vo. 8. 'Sacramental Discourses,' 1702, 8vo (2 parts). 9. Serious Reflections on Time and Eternity,' 5th ed. 1707, 12mo. [Life and Funeral Sermon by Tong, 1716; Middleton's Biographia Evangelica, 1786, iv. 214 sq.; Protestant Dissenter's Magazine, 1797 pp. 41 sq., 1799 pp. 212 sq., 254 sq., 429 sq.; Noble's Continuation of Granger, 1806, i. 129; Wilson's Dissenting Churches of London, 1808 ii. 308 sq., 1810 iii. 39 sq., 1814 iv. 66; Monthly Repository, 1821, pp. 133, 222; Calamy's Own A. G. inventor of the Shrapnel shell, youngest son SHRAPNEL, HENRY (1761-1842), Shrapnel, esq. (b. 22 Dec. 1724, d. 5 May of a family of nine children of Zachariah 1796) of Midnay Manor House, Bradford-onAvon, Wiltshire, and of his wife, Lydia (Needham), was born on 3 June 1761. His brothers dying without issue, he became the head of the family. He received a commission as second lieutenant in the royal artillery_on 9 July 1779. He went to Newfoundland in 1780, and was promoted first lieutenant on 3 Dec. 1781. He returned to England in 1784, when he began, at his own expense, to make experiments and to investigate the problems connected with hollow spherical projectiles filled with bullets and bursting charges, and with their discharge from the heavy and light ordnance of the time-investigations which ultimately led to his great invention of the shell called after his name. to Gibraltar, and remained there until 1791, In 1787 he went when he was sent to the West Indies, and Vincent, Grenada, Dominica, Antigua, and was stationed successively at Barbados, St. St. Kitts. Shrapnel was promoted after his return 15 Aug. 1793. He served in the army of the to England to be captain-lieutenant on Duke of York in Flanders, and was wounded at the siege of Dunkirk in September. It is recorded that at the retreat from Dunkirk Shrapnel made two suggestions which were successfully adopted: one was to lock the wheels of all the gun-carriages and skid them over the sands; the other was making decoy fires at night away from the British ammunition on them uselessly while the position, whereby the enemy expended his British were departing. He was promoted to be captain on 3 Oct. 1795, brevet-major lery on 1 Nov. 1803, and regimental lieuon 29 April 1802, major in the royal artiltenant-colonel on 20 July 1804. During all this period he devoted not only his leisure time but all the money which he could spare to his inventions, and in 1803 he had attained such great success that his case-shot ordnance for adoption into the service. In or shell was recommended by the board of 1804 Shrapnel was appointed first assistantinspector of artillery, and was for many years engaged at the Royal Arsenal at Woolwich in developing and perfecting this and other inventions connected with ordnance. In 1804 Shrapnel shell was employed in the attack on Surinam, and favourably reported on. Its after progress, although frequently retarded by defects of manufacture, the imperfection of the fuse, and the difficulties incidental to all considerable novelties in artillery, was nevertheless steady and triumphant. This destructive shell, which in every country goes by the name of the inventor, is in more extended use and is more highly thought of, if possible, in the present day than ever. The testimony that Shrapnel received to the value of his shell was ample. The Duke of Wellington wrote to Sir John Sinclair on 13 Oct. 1808 to testify to the great benefit which the army lately under his command had derived from the use of Shrapnel's case-shot in two actions with the enemy; he considered it most desirable that the use of the invention should not be made public, and, as therefore Shrapnel would be deprived of the fame and honour which he might otherwise have enjoyed, he should be amply rewarded for his ingenuity and the science which he has proved he possesses by the great perfection to which he has brought this invention.' In the following year Wellington wrote to Shrapnel on 16 June from Abrantes, to tell him that his shell had had the best effect in producing the defeat of the enemy at Vimiera on 21 Aug. 1808. Sir William Robe [q. v.], who commanded the artillery in the Peninsula, wrote to Shrapnel from Torres Vedras on the same date that the artillery had been complimented both by the French and all our own general officers, in a way highly flattering to us. It [the shell] is admirable to the whole army and its effects dreadful. . . . I told Sir Arthur Wellesley I meant to write to you. His answer was: "You may say anything you please; you cannot say too much." Admiral Sir Sydney Smith in 1813 was so enthusiastic about these shells that he begged Shrapnel, in case the board of ordnance would not send him enough of them, to let him know how he might get them at his private expense, and soon after he ordered a supply of two hundred privately from Carron. Sir George Wood, who commanded the brigade of artillery at Waterloo, wrote to Shrapnel from Waterloo village, on 21 June 1815, that had it not been for his shells it was very doubtful whether any effort of the British could have recovered the farmhouse of La Haye Sainte, 'and hence on this simple circumstance hinges entirely the turn of the battle.' This was the general testimony to the value of the invention, and at a later date commanders in the field, such as Lord Keane, Sir William Nott, Sir bert Sale, Sir George Po Lord G ... | Sir Harry Smith, and others, wrote after Shrapnel's death to his son, expressing the very high estimation in which they held these shells. Shrapnel was promoted to be colonel in the army on 4 June 1813 and regimental colonel on 20 Dec. 1814. On 10 Sept. 1813 he addressed the board of ordnance on the subject of some reward being made to him, and pointed out that for twenty-eight years he had been unremitting in his exertions to bring his invention to the great excellence and repute it had attained, and that it had cost him several thousand pounds from his private purse. The board's reply was simply that they had no funds at their disposal for the reward of merit.' In 1814, however, the treasury granted him a pension of 1,2007. a year for life for his services, in addition to any other pay to which he was entitled in the ordinary course. The government undoubtedly meant to act justly, but, unfortunately, the niggardly interpretation of the terms of the grant by the public departments charged with the scrutiny of expenditure construed it in such a way that Shrapnel would have been better off if it had never been made. Thus the grant was interpreted to include all his improvements in artillery besides the shell; further, in consequence of Shrapnel being already provided for by this special pension, he was passed over in promotion to the commandantship of a battalion. Shrapnel was promoted to be major-general on 12 Aug. 1819, and retired from active employment on 29 July 1825. He became a colonel-commandant of the royal artillery on 6 March 1827, and was promoted to be lieutenant-general on 10 Jan. 1837. A short time after this promotion Shrapnel was the guest of William IV at Brighton, when the king personally acknowledged his high sense of Shrapnel's services, and signified a desire to bestow upon him some honour. Shrapnel would appear to have intimated a desire for some honour which would descend to his son, as Sir Herbert Taylor wrote to him from Windsor Castle on 23 April 1837 expressing the king's readiness to confer a baronetcy upon the inventor; but William died soon after, and nothing further was done. Shrapnel died at his residence, Peartree House, Southampton, on 13 March 1842, a disappointed man; he was buried in the family vault in the chancel of Bradford church, Wiltshire. In addition to the invention of shells, Shrapnel compiled range tables, invented the brass tangent slide, improved the construction of mortars and howitzers by the introduc of parabolic chambers; he also constructed lex disappearing mounting for two pieces of ordnance, so arranged that the recoil of one gun lowered it under cover while it brought the other up ready to fire; he improved small arms and ammunition, and invented some fuses. Shrapnel married, on 5 May 1810, at St. Mary's Church, Lambeth, Esther Squires (b. 1780, d. 1852) of that parish. They had two sons and two daughters. The eldest son, Henry Needham Scrope (b. 26 July 1812, d. 1 June 1896), educated at Cambridge University, was a captain in the 3rd dragoon guards, and was afterwards barrack-master in Ireland, Bermuda, Halifax, and Montreal. After his retirement from the service about 1866, he pressed his father's claims for reward on the government and on both houses of parliament, but without success, and he then went to Canada and settled at Orillia in Ontario. He married, on 19 Aug. 1835, at St. Mary's Church, Dover, Louisa Sarah Jonsiffe (b. 1818, d. 1880), by whom he had fifteen children; six are now living in British North America; the eldest, Edward Scrope Shrapnel, is an artist in Toronto. A portrait of Shrapnel, painted in oils by F. Arrowsmith in 1817, hangs in the readingroom of the Royal Artillery Institution at Woolwich. SHRUBSOLE, WILLIAM (1729–1797), author of 'Christian Memoirs,' was born at Sandwich, Kent, on 7 April 1729. In February 1743 he was apprenticed to George Cook, a shipwright at Sheerness, whose daughter he married in 1757. He led an irregular life for some time, but, being aroused by a work of Isaac Ambrose, he grew religious, and in 1752 was asked to conduct the devotions of a small body which met at Sheerness on Sunday afternoons. In 1763 this body erected a meeting-house, and Shrubsole frequently acted as their minister. About 1767 he undertook regular public preaching in Sheerness and other towns in Kent. In 1773 he was appointed mastermastmaker at Woolwich (Rowland Hill spoke of him familiarly as 'the mastmaker'), but later in the year received promotion at Sheerness. In 1784, his ministrations proving very successful, a new chapel was built for him at Sheerness, which was enlarged in 1787. In 1793 he had a paralytic stroke, and a co-pastor was appointed. Though his ministry was gratuitous, he declined further promotion in the dockyard, on the ground that it might interfere with his preaching engagements. He died at Sheerness on 7 Feb. 1797. [War Office Records; Royal Artillery ReShrubsole is remembered as the author of cords; Gent. Mag. 1842; Patent Office Records; 'Christian Memoirs' (Rochester, 1776), a Proceedings Royal Artillery Institution, vol. v., curious allegorical work in the style of article on Shrapnel of the Past; Petition of Bunyan. The book was written, as ShrubHenry Needham Scrope Shrapnel to the House sole explains, to divert his mind after being of Lords, 1868, 8vo, and to the House of Commons bitten by a mad dog in 1773. A second 1869; private sources; Letters of Colonel Sir edition (1790) contained an elegy written in Augustus Simon Fraser, written during the 1771 on the death of Whitefield; and a third Peninsular and Waterloo Campaigns, 8vo, 1859; edition (1807) was edited by his son, with a Wellington Despatches; Kane's List of Officers life' of the author. Shrubsole's other works of the Royal Regiment of Artillery, 1869, 4to; include: The Plain Christian Shepherd's Duncan's Hist. of the Royal Artillery; Royal MiliDefence of his Flock, being 5 Letters in suptary Calendar, 1820, vol. iii.] SHREWSBURY, DUKE OF. [See TAL- entitled' A Plea in favour of the Shipwrights port of Infant Baptism,' 1794; a pamphlet BOT, CHARLES, 1660-1718.] R. H. V. SHREWSBURY, EARLS OF. [See ROGER DE MONTGOMERY, d. 1093?; HUGH OF MONTGOMERY, d. 1098; BELLÊME, ROBERT OF, fl. 1098; TALBOT, JOHN, first EARL, 1390-1453; TALBOT, JOHN, second EARL, 1413-1460; TALBOT, GEORGE, fourth EARL, 1469?-1541; TALBOT, FRANCIS, fifth EARL, 1500-1560; TALBOT, GEORGE, sixth EARL, 1527?-1590; TALBOT, GILBERT, seventh EARL, 15521616.] SHREWSBURY, COUNTESS OF. [See TALBOT, ELIZABETH, 1516?-1608.] SHREWSBURY, RALPH OF (d. 1363), bishop of Bath and Wells. [See RALPH.] SHREWSBURY, ROBERT of (d. 1167), hagiologist. [See ROBERT.] belonging to the Royal Dockyard,' 1770; and several pamphlets and letters on the religious controversies of the day. His eldest son, WILLIAM SHRUBSOLE (17591829), born at Sheerness on 21 Nov. 1759, became a shipwright in Sheerness dockyard, and subsequently clerk to one of the officers. In 1785 he went to London as a clerk in the Bank of England, where he ultimately became 'secretary to the committee of treasury.' He died at Highbury on 23 Aug. 1829, and was buried in Bunhill Fields. Shrubsole took a special interest in religious and philansecretaries of the London Missionary Society. thropic societies, and was one of the first He had some poetical gifts, and contributed hymns to various religious publications from 1775 to 1813. His best known hymn, Arm |