And in the interval between Calpy and Sirong, about 2 degrees, the measurement exceeded the difference of longitude by obfervation 4 minutes; fo that the measured line exceeded the diftance by obfervation, proportionally through each interval. ६ Now it remains to be observed, that Calpy, on the south bank of the Jumna river, the last point in the furvey, that way, and the first in Mr. Smith's route; ftands in my map, in lat. 26° 7′ 15′′, and in lon. 80o 4'; while Mr. Smith reckons it in 80°. Again, on the weft fide of India, I have taken Bombay at 72° 40′ (fee page 31) and Mr. Smith places it in 72° 45': fo that, in fact, he is 4' to the weft of my account at Calpy; and 5' to the eaft of it at Bombay: his whole difference of longitude between Calpy and Bombay, being 9' lefs than what I have taken it at. And again, it has been obferved that Mr. Smith reckons 6′ 35′′ lefs between Calpy and Burhanpour, than Goddard's measured route gives. It is certain that obfervations of longitude, taken in the ordinary way, cannot be expected to correct fmall errors in diftance, fo well as measured lines; and therefore it is no impeachment of the general utility of Mr. Smith's obfervations, that I have ventured to deviate from them, in fixing the pofitions of fome places in the road across the continent. Narwah, or Narwha, is the first point that I shall notice in Mr. Smith's map, from Calpy. He places this city and fortrefs in lat. 25° 40′; lon. 78° 17′; his difference of longitude from Calpy, being 1° 43. Mr. Cameron, who furveyed the roads and country between Etayah and Sirong, reckons 1° 3' difference of latitude,. and 57 miles of wefting, or 1° 4′ difference of longitude from Etayah to Narwah. Now, Etayah being by. the furvey in 26° 43′ 40" lat.; and 79° 17′ lon.; the latitude of Sirong comes out perfectly right, but the longitude is 4′ to the west of Mr. Smith's account; or 78° 13'. I cannot, however, determine with what degree of exactness, this furvey was made; and I have placed Narwah in 79° 17'. Sirong (called alfo Seronge) by Mr. Smith's obfervations, is in lon. 78° 4′; and as General Goddard's map makes it 2° of longitude west from Calpy (which is in 80° 4' by the above account) they both agree in this point, although they differ in the quantity of westing between the two meridians of Calpy and Sirong: for Mr. Smith's difference of longitude is only 1° 56′; and the measured line exceeds it by 4 minutes. The latitude of Sirong is 24° 4′ 40′′. It is proper to obferve, that General Goddard's route croffed Mr. Smith's about 6 miles to the SE of the latter place; but the furvey was closed to it. Between Calpy and Sirong, General Goddard's route paffed through Chatterpour, a city in the western quarter of Bundelcund (or Bundela). This place was formerly vifited, and its position determined by menfuration, from Rewah; by Capt. Carter. He placed it in lat. 24° 58′ 30′′; lon. 79° 56′ 30′′. General Goddard's route reprefents it as being half a minute in latitude more to the north, that is in 24° 59'; and 3' 30" more westerly in respect of Calpy. As it was fixed by a measured line drawn weftward from Rewah, its longitude ought to be better determined by it, than by a meridional line drawn from Calpy; and accordingly, I have not altered its pofition. "Bopaltol is the next place where the roads meet; Mr. Smith's longitude of it is 77° 48′, and lat. 23° 13′ 30′′. General Goddard's map gives 32 G. miles, or 35′ 15′′ of longitude, from Sirong; making Bopal in 57° 28′ 45′′. I have placed it in 77° 28′ lon. ; and 23° 14′ latitude. It appears unaccountable that there should be no less than 19 difference, between Goddard's account and Mr. Smith's, in the longitude of Bópaul. I copied the longitude, as it ftands above, from Mr. Smith's map. Hurdah, on the fouth of the Nerbuddah river, is the next point of junction of the two routes. This, Mr. Smith places in 77° 21′ 15"; and by Goddard's line, it comes out 1' 30" more to the west; or 77° 19 45′′. It will be recollected, that as General Goddard at at fetting out, was 4 to the eastward of Mr. Smith's account (at Calpy) Hurdah will be 5' 30" on the whole, more to the westward, than Mr. Smith's difference of longitude from Calpy, would give. Between Bopal and Hurdah, General Goddard's route makes a large elbow, or angle, to the fouth-eaft, to Huffingabad Gaut, on the fouth bank of the Nerbuddah river; and on the frontiers of Nagpour, the eastern division of the Mahratta empire: thus establishing a most usefnl primary point or station, in a quarter where it was the most wanted. Huffingabad is placed in lat. 22° 42′ 30′′, lon. 77° 54′; and about 140 G. miles to the NW of Nagpour city. The two routes run often into, and across each other, between Hurdah and Burhanpour. The latter, as is faid before, is by Mr. Smith's obfervation, in lon, 76° 22′; and in lat. 21° 19′ and by Goddard's measurement, which gives 3° 44′ 35′′ from Calpy, in lon. 76° 19′ 25′′; which, rejecting the feconds, is the longitude I have adopted for it; not altogether on the evidence of the meafured distances themselves, but because they agree with the whole difference of longitude arifing from the observations adopted in the map, between Calpy and Bombay. (fee page 130). Burhanpour is a very fine city, and was one of the earliest conquefts made in the Deccan. In Acbar's divifion of the empire, it ranks as the capital city of the soubah of Candeish. It is now in the hands of the Poonah, or western Marattas. About 20 miles to the NE of it, is a very strong fortrefs named Afeer or Afeergur. The final separation of the two routes, is at Burhanpour, from whence Goddard went weftward to Surat; and Smith, fouth-westward, to Poonah. The measure of the road to Surat gives 3° 30′ 45′′ difference of longitude; which taken from 76° 19′, leaves 72° 48′ 15′′ for the longitude of Surat; which I have adopted. This subject has been already discussed, in the first section (page 32) where it is obferved, that the different authorities between Bombay 6 Bombay and Surat, gave 10 difference of longitude between them; by which (as Bombay is taken at 72° 40') Surat would be in If Mr. Smith's obfervations at Burhanpour was adopted 72° 22′, then it would be in 72° 50′ 00′′ -} 72-51 15 72 55 00 72 40, with an allow 72 48 15 If his longitude of Bombay, 72° 45', then If Mr. Howe's I The laft point in Mr. Smith's route, is Poonah, and the longitude given for that, is 74°; or 1° 15′ east of Bombay. But as I have taken Bombay at 72° 40', Poonah, to preserve its proportional distance, should be in 73° 55'; which I have accordingly placed it in; so that it ftands in respect of Burhanpour only 2 minutes farther to the weftward, than Mr. Smith places it. Its latitude is 18° 30. Between Burhanpour and Poonah, Mr. Smith's map establishes some useful points, from which other routes may be laid off; fuch as Nufferabad, Chandor, Unkei-Tenki, Bahbelgong, and Nimderrah Gaut. Poonah is the capital of the weftern Mahratta empire, and is fituated about 30 miles on the east of the Gauts; 100 road miles from Bombay; and about 75 from the nearest fea coaft. It is meanly built, and not large; and lies quite open and defenceless. Pooroonder, a fortrefs on a mountain, about 18 miles to the ESE of Poonah, is the place of refuge in cafe of invasion: there the archives of government are depofited; and there I believe the principal officers ufually refide. Whenever an invafion has happened, the Mahrattas never thought Poonah a place worthy of defence; and have accordingly destroyed it with their own hands. In a state that can conveniently exift without a great capital, no doubt but that great advantages are gained, in war, by a release from fuch an incumbrance. An overgrown capital, full of rich inhabitants, and a kind of general depofitory of wealth, however pleafant it may be, as it refpects polifhed fociety, and the elegancies of life; yet from the the greatness of its extent, and other circumstances, incapable of defence; must be confidered as a great political evil in a state: it is like a fortrefs that expofes its weakest part to the enemy, and points his attacks: and to purfue the allegory, there may be fome danger of the garrifon's facrificing the intereft of the empire at large, in order to preferve their own property, in the hour of affault. The Scythians, who were not chained to the foil, could never be conquered and those who have no large capitals, ftand in the next degree of fecurity; all other circumftances taken into the cafe. If the question be confidered, as it concerns morals, the objections are yet ftronger for the larger the capital, the greater will be the proportion of the population that is corrupted. Amedabad, the capital of Guzerat, was the extreme point of General Goddard's marches to the northward, in the province of Guzerat. In the firft fection, a comparison was made between the fcale and bearing of the map of General Goddard's marches in Guzerat, and those of the furveys taken between Surat and the Myhie river; and it was found to agree fo well, that the line between Brodera and Amedabad might be very fafely adopted. The bearing was N 36° W, and the distance 53,2. G. miles; giving for the position of Amedabad, 22° 58′ 30′′ lat.; and 72° 37′ lon.; or 3' weft of Bombay. By M. Thevenot's account, the latitude is 23° and fome odd minutes and 23° by the Ayin Acbaree. Amedabad is a very confiderable city, and fucceeded Mahmoodabad, as capital of Guzerat. It is one of the beft fortified cities of Hindooftan; and made a good defence when taken by General Goddard in 1780. On the peace of 1783, it was reftored to its; former poffeffors, the Poonah Mahrattas. Travellers have dwelt much on the beauty, and convenient fituation of this city, which is in a level country and on the banks of a small navigable river, named Sabermatty; and which, together with other confluent ftreams, falls into the head of the gulf of Cambay, near to the city of that name. Cambay, is indeed, the port of Amedabad, and is diftant |