of the design. The voids are nicely adjusted to the solids, and all those parts, as the columns and triglyphs, intended as supports, are striated perpendicularly, whilst those sup ported are decorated with members and mouldings running horizontally, and indicating rest or repose. The inclined lines of the pediment are the only exception to this rule, and they are composed of longitudinal members, placed consistently with their use, viz. that of throwing off the water from the roof: so well-combined a whole, consisting of parts all expressing their utility, deserves our admiration: even the annulets under the echinus of the capital indicate so many cinctures to bind the tops of the perpendicular flutes together, before the elegant tazza or cup-like vase is placed between the shaft and the abacus.

Fig. 1038.

IONIC CAPITAL.

Ionie Proportions. This style seems very nearly coeval with the Doric: it is supposed by some commentators to be of Achaic origin, by others of Persian; both Greeks and Persians may have contributed to its formation; the term Ionic was applied to it by Vitruvius, from its being first used by the inhabitants of Ionia; the few perfect examples remaining are of the greatest beauty, both in design and execution.

The shores of Asia Minor, in the reign of Medon, the son of Codrus, were taken possession of by a number of Greeks, who commenced their migration about a thousand years before Christ; after they had passed from Attica, they first mixed with the inhabitants of Caria and the Leleges. Helen the son of Deucalion, who reigned in Phthia, situated between the rivers Peneus and Asopus, having left his kingdom to his eldest son, the others sought for settlements elsewhere: Dorus established himself in the neighbourhood of Parnassus and Xuthus in Attica, where he married the daughter of Erechtheus, the sovereign of Athens, and had by her two sons Achæus and Io.

Io with a number of followers from Athens went into the Peloponnesus and established himself at Ægialus, a place on the sea-shore lying between Elis and Sicyonia; here he married the daughter of Selinuntus, king of that district, at whose death he succeeded to his dominions; Io built Helice, and called the inhabitants Ionians. Some time after lo was recalled to Athens to command the troops in a war against the Thracians, over whom he obtained a victory: the Athenians in consequence designated themselves Ionians. Attica was divided by Io among four tribes, the Geleontes, the Argades, the Ægicores, and the Hopletes, the names of his four sons, or according to Strabo, labourers, artisans, priests, and guards.

When Erechtheus died, Cecrops, his eldest son, succeeded, and Xuthus, his other son, was driven out of Attica; in the country he afterwards inhabited he built four towns, (Enoe, Marathon, Probalinthus, and Tricorythus, after which he died at Ægialus; his son Achæus then passed into Laconia and Thessaly, when he recovered his father's dominions; his two sons Archandar and Architeles went into Argos, where they married two daughters of Danaus, one of the royal family of Argos. The Lacedæmonians and Ægeans were called after Achæus Achæans, until the return of the Heraclidæ, when they were driven out, and obliged to flee to Egialus and into Attica, where the Ionians again received them on account of their common origin.

At the death of Codrus, his youngest son Nileus embarked with all the Ionians into Asia, where they occupied eight of the Ionian cities, viz. Miletus, Ephesus, Myus, Teos, Priene, Lebedos, Erythræ, and Clazomene; the other four founded by the Ionians were Colophon, Phocæa, Samos, and Chios. The Ionians formed themselves into twelve states, because, according to Herodotus, they were previously so divided in the Peloponnesus; the names of the cities from whence they were ejected were Pellene near Sicyon, Egira and Egæ, Bura, Helice, Ægium, Rypæ, Patræ, Pharæ, Olenus, Dyme and Tritæa, the last being an island.

The inhabitants of Athens who migrated from the Prytaneun were the most noble

among the Ionians, though all who celebrated the Aplurian festival, from which alone the Ephesian and Colophonians were excluded, were afterwards called Ionians.

The appellations Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian are derived from Vitruvius: but it appears doubtful whether these terms were current among the Greeks: that author asserts that the first is the most ancient; "for Dorus, the son of Hellen, and the nymph Orseis, built the temple of Juno at Argos of this order when he reigned over the whole of Achaia and Peloponnesus: that many temples afterwards erected throughout Greece were of the Doric order, but by command of the Delphic oracle in a general assembly of the different states of Greece, thirteen colonies were sent into Asia, who built the cities before mentioned, and erected temples; among the first they dedicated was one to Apollo Panionios, having Doric proportions, and another to Diana, in which some variations was made. The first was of a masculine proportion, the other feminine, and the latter was the invention of the Ionian settlers, and afterwards called from them Ionic.

But if it be difficult to trace the Ionic order to its origin, we may analyse its proportions, and compare them with that order which prevailed so universally in Greece, which will lead us to remark that a very great change took place when the rules that guided the Doric builders were laid aside: at no other period were such material alterations made in the proportions of the masses, the columns, entablatures, and intercolumniations; to the Corinthian, so universally used in later times by the Romans, the feminine proportions were applied which are stated by Vitruvius to have commenced with the Ionians.

There is of course much fable in all the accounts that have reached us upon these important changes, but among them is one which seems to carry with it some semblance of truth, and which is as follows:-"when Hermogenes was employed to erect the temple of Bacchus at Teos, according to Vitruvius, the marble was prepared for one in the Doric style; but the architect changed his mind, from the idea that other proportions, afterwards called Ionic, were more suitable for the purpose, almost inducing the inference that Hermogenes was the inventor of those delicate proportions; he appears unquestionably to have displayed great skill and ingenuity in all his designs, and to have entertained the opinion that sacred buildings should not be constructed with Doric proportions, as they obliged the adoption of false and incongruous arrangements."

To obtain more delicate proportions, without sacrificing the great principle of making the weight supported equal to its supports, would seem at first difficult in the example of the Doric order we have seen this practice universally adopted, and it is equally evident in the Ionic, though not exactly after the same method; the columns and their entablatures, or what they carry, agree in quantity, but their distribution is different. The square or figure which bounds the Ionic façade is divided into four parts, one of which is given to the entablature, a second to the columns, and the other two, or one half, are distributed among the intercolumniations.

In the quantity of material for constructing the two varieties of temples there is a considerable difference, the Doric requiring one-third more than the Ionic; for example, in a Doric tetrastyle portico where the area was 12, four parts would be given to the entablature, four to the columns, and four to the intercolumniations. In the Ionic three parts would be required for the entablatures, and three for the columns, six being allowed for the intercolumniations; thus one temple would have eight, and the other six parts solid out of twelve, consequently, with a given quantity of materials, two very different porticoes might be built, without making any change in the proportions which the columns bear to their entablatures. Hermogenes could construct with the same material a much larger temple in the Ionic style than in the Doric; and supposing the dimensions already decided upon, there would be a saving of labour and material: from the imperfect state of the Ionic temples remaining, it is scarcely possible to enter into a thorough examination of their proportions; that on the Ilissus at Athens, measured by Stuart, no longer exists, but its dimensions, given by that very accurate delineator, may serve our purpose as an example of a tetrastyle portico. Its entire width was 18 feet 7 inches, and height to the top of the level cornice in front 18 feet 4 inches, to which must be added that of the tympanum of the pediment: multiplying the width by the height of the entablature and half the pediment, which together is 5 feet 7 inches and 10 parts, we have for the area of the portions supported 105 feet 4 inches and 9 parts: the quantity contained in the four columns is found by multiplying their united diameters, 7 feet 1 inch and 7 parts, with their height, 14 feet inches and 4 parts, giving a product of 105 feet 4 inches and 9 parts as their area. The united intercolumniations in this example are 11 feet 6 inches and 2 parts, which multiplied by the height of the columns is 170 feet 1 inch and 9 parts for the area; 40 feet 7 inches and 9 parts less than it would have been had it equalled the quantity contained in the columns and their entablature, or been one-half the entire area of the façade. The portico of this elegant example of Ionic was nearly a square without the pediment, and the supports and supported are in exact accordance as to quantity, whilst the intercolumniations are about 1 times the quantity contained in the columns, instead of double. Departing a little from the proportions before us, let us endeavour to set out a

portico, as already done for the Doric order, having the same number of the tetrastyle eustyle of Vitruvius, divide each side of the square whic into 11 parts, premising that the pediment rises a ninth and one side of through its centre. The side of the square being divided into 11 parts, diameter of the columns, 3 parts to the middle intercolumniation, and others; thus the sites for the columns are obtained: dividing the up square into the same number of parts, 8 are given to the height of the remaining 3 to the entablature and half pediment.

Multiplying 11 by the same, we have for the entire area 1921, which 33 and a fraction for the columns, the same for the entablatures, an the intercolumniations: the columns being four in number and 8 di their area will be 34 parts; the intercolumniations being 7 in their multiplied by 8, their height, gives 633 for their area, and the entabla and 11 in width, we have for its contents 34 parts, giving a result for the entablature as well as for the columns, and a half for the interco making some allowance for the diminution of the columns, an exact a the quantities might be obtained; those in the intercolumniations w equal to those in the entablature and its supports, or half the entire squa and the other half to voids: had the columns of the temple on the Ilissus be in diameter, its proportions would have been in close accordance with t where the 4 columns occupy 38 squares, the entablature the same num columniations 76.

Ionic Hexastyle. Temple of Erechtheus at Athens.-This highly-enriched in the finest marble, is in height without the pediment 26 feet 63 inch measured along the front of the corona, 40 feet 6 inches, so that this po within a square and a half or nearly so: the lower diameter of the co inches, and the upper 1 foot 11 inches, giving a mean of 2 feet 1 inch diameters are 12 feet 9 inches, whilst that of the intercolumniations at th feet 1 inches, nearly double the space occupied by the columns. The tablature without the pediment is 4 feet 11 inches, and its superficial 190 feet, and adding 85 feet for the area of the tympanum, we have a

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supposing the tympanum to rise a ninth of its base; the height of the columns is 21 feet 7 inches, and their united mean diameter 12 feet 9 inches, which being multiplied together produce 275 feet 8 inches, or nearly equivalent to the area of the mass they support. Το obtain the exact quantity of mass and void, the mean diameters of the columns as well as of the intercolumniations should be taken; the greater the probable delicacy of execution, the greater is the necessity for the architect to balance his quantities exactly. In the subject now under consideration the whole is comprised within a square and a half; the supports and the entablature are equal, and the intercolumniations as much as the two together or one-half the whole. The height of the architrave is 2 feet 11 inches; that of the frieze 1 foot 11 inches, and the level part of the cornice 10 inches.

Roman Tetrastyle. Ionic Temple of Fortuna Virilis.-The width is 33 feet 6 inches, and height, including half the pediment, 37 feet 1 inch, comprising an area of 1242 feet 4 inches, one quarter of which, 313 feet 1 inch, nearly agrees with the quantity contained in the entablature as well as in the columns which support it; their height is 27 feet, and their united diameters 12 feet 4 inches, which multiplied together produce 333 feet for the area of the supports. The height of the entablature with half the pediment is 10 feet 1 inch: this multiplied by its width, 33 feet 6 inches, gives 337 feet 10 inches for the area of that supported: the intercolumniations are together 21 feet 2 inches, which multiplied by their height, 27 feet, gives 571 feet 6 inches for their area, about 100 feet less than the quantity comprised in the columns and entablature.

Without the pediment this façade is nearly square; its proportions rank very high in the estimation of all admirers of Roman architecture; it has, however, undergone many reparations before the stucco was put upon the columns; they were lighter, as was the entablature, the upper members of the cornice being somewhat heavier than is usual in the early examples of this order; if divested of these additions, and giving a trifle more to the intercolumniations, we shall obtain half the area for the columns, and a quarter for each of the other divisions; at present the columns equal in quantity the mass they carry.

If it be required to draw a tetrastyle portico in exact accordance with the rules laid down, after forming the square each side should be divided into 12 parts, or 144 squares, arranged like those of an abacus: one of these divisions on the base would become the diameter of the column, and nine their height, the other eight on the base would be devoted to the intercolumniations, and the upper three of the height to the entablature. The columns, 9 diameters in height, would thus comprise 36 squares, the intercolumniations 72, and the entablature and half pediment 36; consequently the columns and entablature would be equal in quantity, and the intercolumniations half the whole, or equal to the contents of the supports and supported.

Roman Hexastyle. Corinthian, Maison Carrée at Nismes. This beautiful temple has undergone several restorations; its entire width and height to the apex of the pediment is 43 feet 8 inches, from whence it has derived its name. The height of the columns, includ

ing base and capital, is 29 feet 6 inches, that of the entablature 6 feet 9 inches, and of the pediment 7 feet 5 inches; taking away half the height of the pediment, we have 39 feet 11 inches and 6 parts, which may be considered as 40 feet; this multiplied by the width produces for the entire area 1746 feet 8 inches. The superficial content of pediment and entablature, 456 feet 8 inches, is obtained by multiplying the entire width by 10 feet 54 inches, the height of the entablature and half the pediment, which superficies is only 20 feet 2 inches more than a quarter of the whole. The united diameter of the six columns is 17 feet 6 inches, and that of the intercolumniations 26 feet 2 inches, so that they are in the proportions to each other of 2 and 3, the whole being 5, one having an area of 515 feet 9 inches, the other 772 feet; when added together they are nearly three times the area of the part supported.

The proportion between the columns and intercolumniations of the temple at Assissi is also similar, the height of the columns is 32 feet 10 inches, and the total width of the six 52 feet, which dimensions multiplied together produce 1707 feet 4 inches, one-fifth being 341 feet 6 inches nearly.

The area of the columns is 684 feet, and that of the intercolumniations 1023 feet 4 inches, giving a proportion of two-fifths and three-fifths. The entablature, pediment, and pedestals upon which the columns are placed seem to have undergone a change since their erection. If the whole extent of an hexastyle portico be divided into 18 parts, and one be called the diameter, to obtain the same proportions as those laid down for a tetrastyle portico, the height up to the centre of the pediment must include 12 only of those parts, which would give a portico of a square and a half, comprising 216 squares; the 6 columns, each 9 diameters in height, would require 54; the 5 intercolumniations, double that number, or 108, and the entablature and half pediment 54.

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Roman Octastyle. The Pantheon at Rome, which has a portico of 8 columns, is one of the best examples that can be selected for examination. The total width is 109 feet 10 inches; the diameters of the eight columns 39 feet 5 inches, and the seven intercolumniations 70 feet 5 inches, or nearly in the proportion of 1 to 2. The height of the columns is 46 feet 5 inches, and that of the entablature and half pediment 23 feet 2 inches, together 69 feet 7 inches, nearly a square and a half, the area of which is 7647 feet 2 inches.

The united diameter of the columns, 39 feet 5 inches, multiplied by their height, gives 1829 feet 7 inches, and the collected intercolumniations multiplied by the same height will be 3268 feet 6 inches: multiplying 109 feet 10 inches by 23 feet 2 inches, we obtain for the area of the entablature and pediment 2549 feet, which, rejecting parts of an inch, will, when added to the two other calculations, make up a sum agreeing with the entire area.