making together a dimension nearly equal to half the height of the the}

columns.

The façade of this beautiful temple is divided equally into three parts; is given to the entablature, and the other two to the columns and their intercolumniations. The outer columns are 3 feet 4.85 inches in diameter, and all the others 3 feet 3-4 inches. The middle intercolumniation is 5 feet 3.95 inches, the next two each 5 feet 405 inches, and those towards the angles 4 feet 6-35 inches. The diameters taken together are 20 feet, and the intercolumniations 25 feet, so that the columns and their spaces are not in equal proportions: the former would have required a diameter of 3 feet 9 inches, which would have made them nearly five diameters in height, instead of what they are; they would have been heavier, it is true, but more in accordance with the early examples.

:

The Herastyle Temples at Rhamnus, Sunium, Egina, Eleusis, and Phygalia, are not sufficiently perfect to enable us to decide whether our principles would apply to them but from the judgment we can form from their remains, they appear to have been all comprised in a square and a half, and their entablatures and pediments in the proportion of a third of the whole.

The Hexastyle Temple at Segesta in Sicily is sufficiently perfect to enable us to judge of its entire proportions.

Its total length is
and height

or the whole façade is bounded by a square and a half.

The height of the columns is

entablature

pediment

Feet. In.
76 0
50 8

which is exactly one-half of 31 feet, the height of the columns; so that we have, as far as height is concerned, for the superincumbent mass or entablature, and for the columns and their intercolumniations.

so that they are not in exact equality, although the difference is not considerable.

At Agrigentum are the remains of four Hexastyle Temples.-That of Juno Lucina is without its cornice and pediment: the diameter of the columns is 4 feet 6 inches, and the entire width is 55 feet. The united diameter of the six columns is 26, and of the five intercolumniations 29 feet.

The Temple of Concord is in width 57 feet, and in height 38; or it is comprised within a square and a half.

Feet. In.
23 0

8 0

Thus one-third of the entire height is given to the entablature or mass supported. The united diameter of the columns is 28 feet, and that of the intercolumniations 29 feet, the latter being a little in excess.

Temple of Hercules.—The total width is 84 feet, and height 56, which is a square and a balf.

The united diameter of the columns is 43 feet, and that of the intercolumniations 41 feet. The height of the entablature and half pediment is in this case 17 feet 9 inches, instead of 16 feet 9 inches, as it should have been to have equalled half the height of the columns.

Temple of Castor and Pollux is imperfect, but the total width is 45 feet, of which the diameters of the six columns occupy 24 feet, and the intercolumniations 21. The height of the columns is about 20 feet, and that of the entablature 8 feet, as measured on the flank. This temple nearly agrees in width with the temple of Theseus at Athens, but its proportions vary; there is not sufficient remaining to judge of its entire form.

At Selinus are the remains of five hexastyle temples. In one the total extent is 51 feet, of which the united diameters of the columns occupy 24, and that of the five intercolumniations 27 feet. The height of the entablature is about 11 feet, but that of the columns and pediments has not been yet ascertained.

The second temple is in width 77 feet 6 inches, the diameters of the columns occupying 37 feet, and the five intercolumniations 40 feet 6 inches; the height is 50 feet 8 inches, so that the whole façade is included in a parallelogram, having a height not quite equal to two-thirds its extent, or a square and a half.

In this example there is not an exact correspondence between the columns and what they support: the entablature and pediment occupy 13, the intercolumniation 12, and the

columns 11 parts out of the whole number, 36, into which the parallelogram may be sup posed to be divided.

The third temple is not sufficiently measured to enable us to examine into its proportions; the total width is 79 feet, of which the united diameters of the six columns occupy 36 feet, and the five intercolumniations 43 feet.

The fourth temple is in width 84 feet 9 inches, and in height 56 feet 6 inches or a square and a half.

·

17 O

Making a height equal to half that of the columns, viz.

Thus the heights are in just proportion, one-third being given to the entablature and pediment, and the other two-thirds to the columns and their intermediate spaces, which are in the proportions of 44 feet 9 inches for the columns, and 40 feet for the five intercolumniations.

The fifth temple is 81 feet in front, the six columns occupying 37 feet 8 inches, and the five intercolumniations 43 feet 4 inches. The height of the column is 31 feet, and the entablature 15 feet 6 inches, or one-half the height of the column, so that, without the pediment, the entablature in this example would constitute a third; and if the pediment had only risen 7 feet 6 inches, to make the general proportion a square and a half, these columns would have had more to sustain than any other example we have yet referred to.

Octastyle Temples.- We will now apply these principles to a façade with eight columns, and endeavour to follow the same system. We have already had a square, and a square and a half, as the form or figure within which the design was comprised; the portico of four columns being circumscribed by the one, and that of six by the other; and as in the octastyle there are double the number of columns contained in the first, a double square is required to comprise it, that the same relative proportions may be obtained.

13 0

9 6

56 0

tercolumniations 41 feet feet 9 inches, instead of eight of the columns is 45 feet, of which the tions 21. The height of is measured on the Bank at Athens, but its pro ire form.

e total extent is 51 feet, i that of the five inter 11 feet, but that of the

of the columns occupying tht is 50 feet 8 inches, s eight not quite equal to

Ft. In.

29 4

13 4

8 0

50 8

he columns and what they olumniation 12, and the

Fig. 1029.

OCTASTYLE PORTICOES.

After the width of the façade is determined, it is divided into sixteen parts, and ten are set out for the height to the top of the tympanum of the pediment; which generally rising a ninth of the extent, two divisions will serve to denote it, and if a circle be inscribed in the tympanum, and a horizontal line drawn through the centre, we shall have a parallelogram 16 squares in width, and 9 in height.

Six squares in height will determine the under side of the entablature, which, if divided equally between the columns and their intercolumniations, would give 48 squares to each, which are precisely the proportions of the example we are about to examine.

---------- 2.6.7

The Parthenon or Temple of Minerva at Athens is admitted to have the most beautiful proportions of all octastyle Greek examples; its entire width, measured in the front of the columns at the base, is 100 feet 9 inches, and its height to the centre of the tympanum, from the level of the platform on which the columns are placed, 51 feet 2 inches, 20 inches only beyond what it should be to accord with the rules laid down. Dividing this height into three parts, we have in round numbers 17 feet 1 inch for each: the height of the entablature and half pediment is 17 feet, and that of the columns 34 feet 2 inches, precisely one-third of the height being devoted to the entablature, the lower two-thirds being divided between these and their intercolumniations; adding all the diameters together, we have 49 feet 6 inches; the intercolumniations being 51 feet 3 inches, or only 1 foot 9 inches in excess for the latter: hence if a parallelogram or double square be divided into 40 squares, and 13 be given to the columns, the same quantities to the intercolumniations, the entablature and its pediment, we should have the general proportions of the Parthenon, the difference before alluded to being too slight to produce any effect on the eye in so large a mass. The height to the centre of the pediment is 51 feet 2 inches, consequently the width to make it an exact double square should have been 102 feet 5 inches, instead of 100 feet 9 inches; and this difference may have been occasioned by the difficulty of setting out the triglyphs or from the idea that the width, as measured along the corona, should have some consideration, and a mean be established.

As we have before observed that the Parthenon is considered perfect both in its design and execution, a more detailed account of its construction and mouldings will be the best illustration that can be offered on the subject of Greek masonry, premising that in the present instance it is all of the finest marble from Pentelicus.

The Doric Column varies considerably in its proportions, some not being more than four diameters in height, whilst in other examples they are from that to six and a half: those we are now considering are formed of twelve blocks; on the upper and lower bed of each are described two circles, the circumference of the outer being 9 inches from the edge, whilst the inner circle is only 20 inches in diameter. The space between these is not polished, but left rough as from the chisel, and a little sunk for the purpose of retaining

a fine mortar or cement. In the centre of each block is a square hole, measuring 5 inches on each side, sunk 3 inches in depth; in these were inserted pieces of hard wood, 6 inches in length, to steady the blocks, and keep them from being displaced, particularly at the time the flutes were worked, or the exterior was undergoing the process of polishing. The outer columns are 6 feet 3 inches in diameter at bottom, and the others 6 feet 1 inch, the upper diameter of the latter being 4 feet 9 inches: their total height is $4 feet 2 inches, or nearly five diameters and a half; the diminution is not regular, there being at a certain height a swelling or entasis, which improves the outline, and destroys that meagreness which is the result of a straight line. The angular column is a little more in diameter, that it may not appear less than the others, which are not so surrounded by air.

The shafts have generally twenty flutes, uniting in an arris, and not with a square fillet between them, as in the other orders; they are elliptical in some examples, as at Pæstum, where their number is 16 and 24; the heads are variously finished. The capital of this order varies in its height from to of the lower diameter of the columns, and the

abacus is sometimes more than longer than that width, all these proportions depending more upon the height of the column than upon its lower diameter.

Under the abacus is the echinus or ovolo, which is beautifully turned, or cut like the bell or profile of a flat cup, under which are usually from 3 to 5 annulets. The contour

or profile of the echinus is a portion of a curve formed by the section of a cone. Where the capital is placed on the column is another sinking, and sometimes three; and the true and delicate manner in which these lines are cut gives a charm that more elaborate sculpture fails in attaining.

The architrave of the Parthenon, which extends from the centre of one column to that of the other, is in three thicknesses, showing two joints on the soffite. The frieze is admirably contrived not to overload the architrave: the triglyphs are each in a single block, 3 feet wide and 2 feet 3 inches in thickness. On each side is a perpendicular groove 14 inch deep, into which the sculptured metopes are slipped, the clear width between the triglyphs being 4 feet 3 inches, and the angular one 3 inches less: at the back of the metopes, and between the triglyphs, is a hollow space, from 8 to 14 inches deep. The metope is held to the back of the frieze by a metal cramp in the form of an H, 2 feet long, and attached on each side to the adjoining triglyph by others 17 inches in length. The cornice is in one thickness; the angular block covers two mutules, each of the others one space and a mutule. For further particulars of the construction of the Parthenon, and for several dimensions omitted by Stuart, the writer must refer to some notes he added a few years after his return from Athens to his wife's (Mrs. Cresy) translation of "The Lives of cele brated Architects, ancient and modern, by Francesco Milizia," 2 vols. 8vo. 1826.

In the Doric Order we may trace a reason for the direction given to the several lines, whether perpendicular or horizontal; and although there is great variety in the form of the members, yet when examined in detail, nothing will be found to disturb the unity