2289. GLAZIER. To glaze all the windows with best crown glass; the offices with second crown glass. To glaze all the front windows with best sheet glass; or with best flattened sheet; or with patent plate; or with British plate; as the case may be, and according to the weight to be specified. For varieties of glass and glass for other purposes, see Chap. II. Sect. XII. par. 1870, et seq. The architect very often names the manufactory from which the glass is to be procured, to ensure the proper quality being supplied.

All the glazing is to be properly bedded, stopped in, sprigged, and back-puttied, the convex side outwards (of crown and sheet glass), to be free from specks, blisters, or other blemish; and to be left whole and clean, on the works being rendered up as complete.

The whole of the windows, including the hopper ventilators and the diamond shaped ventilator (of the church, robing room, &c.), are to be glazed with . . . . glass, in strong lead quarries, firmly soldered at the angles, and tied to the saddle bars. The lights to be fixed into the grooves and stopped in with white lead.

2290. PAINTER. To knot (with silver leaf in best work), to pumice down and smooth, to stop, and otherwise to properly prepare all the wood and other works intended for painting.

To paint four times in oil, or till they bear out, with the best oil and colour, all the internal and external wood and iron works, all the stucco, and all other works that are usually painted.

The walls of the principal staircase, lobbies, and entrance hall are to be imitations of marbles, jointed like masonry, in blocks of sizes as shall be directed, and twice varnished with the best copai.

The doors, shutters, dadoes, skirtings, boxings, architraves, and other dressings on the ground and one-pair floors (and others if required), are to be grained wainscot (or other wood as may be specified), in an artist-like manner, and sized, and varnished twice with best copal varnish.

If any of the mouldings of doors and shutters are to be gilt, specify the same.
Distemper the ceilings (or as follows):-

:

The ceilings and cornices on ground and one-pair floor to be painted four times in oil, and flatted and picked in with such extra colours as may be directed.

To flat extra, of such tints as may be directed, all the rest of the stucco work anj wood work on the principal and one-pair floors.

Sashes to be finished on the outside of .... colour. The plain painting to be of tints of brown, drab, or stone colour, as may be directed.

To French polish in the best manner the handrail of the staircase, the mahogany work of the bath and water closet, and other parts (if any).

2291. PAPERHANGER. To prepare and bring to a proper face all the walls and surfaces intended for papering.

To hang with figured paper, value . . . per yard, the rooms (to be described) on the.... floor, with borders (as may be desired).

The remainder of the rooms to be hung with paper. per yard, with or without

borders.

....

Where satin paper is to be put up, or any of the more expensive descriptions, then to underline, or line the walls, with lining paper, and hang with. . . . paper of . . . . shillings per piece, the rooms on the.... floor. Borders also, if thought desirable, must be specified.

To paper the entrance passage or hall, staircase, and landings, up to . . . . with Siena marble (or other) paper, value . . . per yard, hung in blocks, or hung horizontally and lined to sized blocks with brown lines (or black pencil), twice sized, and varnished (once or twice) with best copal.

Provide and fix with needle points a -inch gilt. ... moulding round the dressings, and along the top and bottom of the .... room, or . . . . rooms.

All the patterns are to be approved by the architect or his client.

2292. BELLHANGER. To provide and fix with all necessary wires (concealed or otherwise), pulls, cranks, and every other appendage, bells from the following places :-[Here enumerate the places.].

It is usual to mark the place both up and down stairs where the bells are to be hung; and where there are many of them together they are sometimes described to be so tuned as to form a musical scale.

The electric, or the pneumatic, bell system will depend upon the patent selected.

SPECIFICATION ADDENDUM FOR RECENT IMPROVEMENTS.

2293. EXCAVATOR. Cover over the spaces under paved or tiled floors (except where the tiles are laid on joists) with broken bricks well rammed and grouted with liquid mortar. This layer is to be made of sufficient thickness to receive 6 inches of concrete, which is to be properly rammed and covered with a layer of 2 inches of fine concrete, finished with a level surface.

2293a. BRICKLAYER. Foundations to piers of arches to be in brickwork of hard bricks, laid in cement, and every course throughout the foundations to be well grouted. When the building is to be heated with hot air or hot water, then;-build furnace room where shown on plan, with flues as necessary: or, build channels for hot water pipes under floors; the channels to be 2 feet high by 12 inches wide in the clear, resting upon 3 inches of concrete and a double course of Bangor duchess slates to form channel floors; the sides to be half a brick thick in mortar. Build 9-inch sleeper walls to support ends of joists of wood floors abutting upon paved floors (as in a church), and build half-brick honeycomb sleeper walls on one brick footings, 4 feet apart, under all wood floors in basement, or on ground floor when not excavated under.

Lay in drains of glazed socketed stoneware pipes of Lambeth (or other) manufacture, as shown on drawings, of the clear internal diameters there figured, and at the depths below the surface as figured. Provide all necessary bends and junctions. All the pipes to be jointed in cement, and the drains to be properly connected with the sewer (or cesspool). The outlet of the drain to have a galvanized iron flap to shut flush all round.

Insert a damp-proof course of Bangor slates in cement in all walls throughout their entire thickness 3 inches lower than the general level of the ground floor (and where else as needed). See Chap. III. Sect. I. par. 1886b, et seq. for other methods of obviating the rise of damp.

The moulded bricks to be carefully made in accordance with the detail drawings, and to be trimmed up before they are placed in the kiln. They are to be made a little thicker than the other bricks, so that the beds and joints may be rubbed true before they are laid; they are to be set in fine mortar, and (before the scaffolding is struck), they are to be rasped, rubbed with gritstone, and the arrises to be made as straight and true as stonework.

Work into the exterior and interior faces of the walls (if required), crosses, diapers, zigzags, or other patterns; and form bands, string-courses, &c., with white, black, red, or other bricks, as shown on the elevations, &c. The red and black bricks are to be laid in blue-black mortar, or the joints to be raked out and pointed with the

same.

Brick relieving arches that are visible, are to be formed of three or four courses of red and black bricks, alternately or otherwise, as shown, or as the architect may hereafter direct.

A specimen brick of every description, splayed, moulded, for facing, &c. to be sub. mitted to the architect for his approval before the commencement of the work. Hollow walls for exposed situations. The external walls above the plinth line are to be built with a hollow cavity in the middle of about 3 inches, having courses of bonders or through stones not more than 1 foot apart in height, and of various widths, but never more than 2 feet 6 inches apart. At the level of the top of the plinth, a course of thick slates, or of thin stones, is to be worked on the walls, closely bedded in strong mortar under all the voids or flues thus formed, and a small aperture, 9 inches by 6 inches, is to be made for the admission of air and to carry off any moisture that may have been driven in; openings into each of these flues are also to be made between the joists of the different floors for ventilation. Other methods of building such walls are described in Chap. III. Sect. II. par.

1902c.

22936. MASON. All cramps to be of copper; iron cramps not to be allowed (see par. 2284a.). Lead joggles, and slab slate dowels to be inserted in the joints where directed.

The quoins, jambs, string-courses, hoodmoulds, buttress weatherings, copings, and dressings generally, to be strictly worked according to detail drawings, and to be dragged, chopped, tooled, or rubbed (according to the quality of the stone) so as to be truly worked in every particular.

All the tracery and mouldings to be set out full size, and cut and set to the right jointing as approved by the architect or the clerk of the works.

The caps and bases to piers to be in large stones. The caps and bases to dwarf shafts

3

MASON (2293b).

(if any), and the corbels under wall pieces or other roof timbers, to be well pinned into walls, and sunk and dowelled to receive shafts or timbers.

The tower and spire to be carefully carried out in accordance with detailed drawings.
The spire to spring from squinch arches or from the solid broaches (or as the
case may be), and gradually reduced towards the top, each stone to be wrought and
cut to its through bed and inclination of its plane, the parts (as shown) to be in
solid ashlar and carefully tailed and bonded. The bands, mouldings, cornices,
strings, &c., to be worked as shown, and continued round; the storm lights to be
formed with solid sills, heads, &c.; the vane to drop through the finial and to be
securely fixed. The windows of the tower and the storm lights of the spire, to be
grooved for louvres of wood or slates (or to be filled in with thin slabs of stone with
ornamental piercings).

Turn relieving arches over all arches of nave, chancel, &c., formed of different coloured
stones, arranged as directed, and form bands, diapers, crosses, &c., of same where
shown. The stones for parti-coloured work to be Pennant, Caen, Temple Quiting,
Red Forest of Dean, Silver Grey Forest of Dean, Red Mansfield, Whinstone, or
Blue Warwickshire, stone (or local stone, if of suitable colour).
Provide shafts where shown of Derbyshire, Devonshire, Purbeck, or other marble, or
of alabaster, serpentine, Aberdeen or Peterhead granite (or other as may be selected),
to be well polished; and to be sunk, dowelled, and secured into caps and bases.
Shafts in angles of doorways (if any) to be of any suitable dark stone (if necessary) to
contrast with the jamb.

Pave the entrance hall, passage, &c.; or if a church, pave the passages, porches, &c.,
where coloured on plan, with Minton's (or other) encaustic tiles, one third (or more
or less) being figured, combined with chocolate and black tiles, value. . . . per
yard superficial, manufacturers' prices. Pave the chancel (usually with richer tiles)
with tiles value
per yard superficial.

Face the walls of . . . with Minton's glazed (or other) tiles, value. ... per
yard superficial, to be secured with cramps of stout copper wire inserted in holes
in edges of the tiles.

All the tiles to be of the best quality, free from blemishes; to be set in Roman cement, and to have all cement removed from their face after the work is finished; the edges of the tiles to be rubbed, where necessary, to ensure neatness of workmanship, and care is to be taken that they are not injured by the workmen after they are laid.

The steps to the sanctuary and chancel to be of rubbed Portland, Red Mansfield, Robin Hood, Craigleith, or other hard stone or marble, in lengths of not less than 10 feet, very carefully set and bedded, pinned, joggle jointed, and run and plugged with lead, and back-jointed to receive tile paving.

The base mouldings of the tower, jambs and arches of the windows and doors throughout the building, and whatsoever parts are tinted . . . . upon the elevations, are to be of tooled or dragged masonry.

The plinths, eaves, string courses, and the labels over the windows and doors, are to be of Ketton (or other suitable) stone, finished with a dragged or tooled face. Regularity in the quoin stones is not desired, but they may be worked and set in any reasonable scantling so as best to bond in, and harmonise with, the intermediate rubble. The upper beds of the stones to be laid with a slight inclination outwards, and as close as their nature will allow. Every precaution is to be taken to avoid risk of the settling of the work from imperfect beds and open joints. The work is to be carried up regularly all round the building. In the case of a church with a tower, the walls of the latter are to be specified, to be built up very slowly and without being bonded into those of the church, but are to have slip joints or chases worked in them for forming the connection; this is in all cases to be so free as to allow for the settlement of the masonry without injury to the work in the church walls: with this exception, no part of any wall is at any time to be raised more than three feet higher than another, during the progress of the works.

The walls of the tower of a church are to be built quite solid, and inverted arches are to be turned under all the large apertures therein. All flat headed apertures are to be covered with York (or other) lintels, of thickness proportionate to the width of the opening.

The coping of the gables to be of Bramley Fall or other stone that is not porous, worked as shown, and the apices of the (here enumerate which) gables to be surmounted by crosses worked in Ketton or other stone, according to drawing, set with copper dowels.

Walls with concrete cores. The external face to be built up in courses of hammered scabbled, or sawn stone. The internal face to be built up in sawn (or other) ashlæ.

MASON (2293b). or in rough brickwork, in English bond, or rubble if it is to be plastered. The body of the walls to be filled in with strong concrete, composed of 1 part of ground stone lime and 6 parts of clean sharp gravel, filling in interstices. At every 2 feet 6 inches in height a double course of bricks is to be set in mortar ; and at every 8 feet 6 inches in height, a bonding through stone, from 10 inches to 1 foot 3 inches deep, is to be fixed. Stone chippings may be mixed with the gravel forming the concrete.

Kentish Rag. The Kentish rag to be of the best quality, from the quarries at Boughton, sound and free from hassock, laid in random courses, gulletted and pointed with dark mortar. A sufficient number of bond stones to be built in, one through stone (at least) to each yard superficial.

Bath Stone. To be the best Bath stone from Sumpsion's, Pictor's, or Randall and Saunder's Combe Down quarries (no Farleigh Down stone to be used), to be laid on its natural bed in all cases, and cleaned off when set. All plinths, bases, and other work for a height of 4 feet above the ground level to be of Box Ground

stone.

Flint work. (Flint walling is of the following descriptions :-Rough, or as the flints are dug; random, or broken without any regard to regularity; split, so that they are true on the face and oval in form; or, split and squared, by which neat and square work is produced.) The walling is to be built in the soundest manner with . . flints (state which of the four descriptions is to be used), laid in mortar compounded of quick-setting stone lime and coarse sharp sand, free from loam; bricks, tiles, pebbles, &c., may be bedded in the centre or core of the wall. The long flints to be selected and laid as through stones, and the string-courses, &c., to be laid entirely through the thickness of the wall, so as to give additional bond. The work to be kept as dry as possible during the construction, to be protected by boards in wet weather, and to be covered in as soon as possible after completion. No grouting to be used. If the walling is faced with half-flints, care is to be taken in laying them to keep their upper surfaces as level as possible, to prevent rain driving into the centre of the wall; firmly pin up the lower bed with fragments. Random walling of local stone. The stone for the walls generally is to be brought from (state the quarry), that for the foundations (unless brickwork is used for them) to be of large size; all those in the visible surface of the walls are to be carefully hammered, scabbled, or sawn (as the quality of the stone and nature of the work may require). All stone used in the main walls of the building to be of good scantling, and no very thin stone will be allowed in any part.

....

2293c. CARPENTER AND JOINER.

The trusses of roofs are to be framed as shown, and of timbers of the scantlings respectively figured, or as here specified. They are to be mortised, tenoned, arched, notched, moulded, chamfered, and stopped, as shown on the detail drawings; and to be bolted and strapped with wrought iron straps, forged with ornamental ends; all bolts to have washers and nuts, notched as shown. The curved ribs (if any) to be put together in (three) thicknesses, so as to break joint, to be wrought all over, and the joints to be tongued. These (three) thicknesses are to be screwed close together with long screws, and bolted with 4-inch bolts between each joint. The centre thickness to be tenoned into the timbers on which it abuts. Tongue a bold 3-inch bead to underside of same.

The hammer beams (if any) are to be cogged down upon the wall plates, and framed to the ribs, and bolted, as shown. The principals are to be notched and tenoned to the hammer-beams, and well spiked to ribs, and tenoned together and pinned at top. The collars (if any) are to be firmly tenoned into and spiked to principals. The purlins are to be notched down and housed into the principals on each side, and spiked. The king-post or queen-posts are to be framed in the usual manner.

All the timbers of the roofs exposed to view are to be wrought, and the angles moulded, or chamfered, or stop chamfered.

All roofs (if exposed to view) to be boarded above the rafters with 7-inch wrought matched V jointed boarding, laid diagonally, and securely nailed to rafters and covered with (asphalted) felt (or specify, to lath on the top of rafters and plaster between the same). Lay battens 3 inches by 1 inch over the boarding or laths, on the back of every rafter, and on the battens lay 3 inch by 1 inch slating battens (or double oak tiling laths if the roof be tiled), fixed to a proper gauge for the sized slates required.

In churches, the floors under the seats are usually of wood, and require rebated and chamfered oak margins, 6 inches by 4 inches, laid flatwise, where they abut upon paved floors. These margins are to be mortised or dowelled to receive bench ends, and the wood floors to be kept 3 inches above the tile floors on which they abut,

CARPENTER AND JOINER (2293c). The whole of the seating throughout to be formed as detail drawings, of good, wellseasoned, English oak (or otherwise), to be wrought, chamfered, and stopped, or moulded and cut, as shown or required; to be carefully framed and put together. The bench ends to be (at least) 3 inches thick, tenoned and pinned to the chamfered oak sill. The backs to have solid moulded oak capping. The seats to be 1 inches thick, and the book-boards to be 2 inches thick (fixed flat or sloping), edges chamfered, all to be well housed and cut into bench ends. Fix cut brackets not more than 4 feet apart, under the seats; and cut brackets, not more than 3 feet apart, under the book-boards. All the seats to be kept clear of the piers (if any). Doors. Those on the exterior are to be 2 inch wrought, ledged, framed, and braced, folding (or other) doors, with stop chamfered, arched heads, stiles, rails, and braces, covered on the outside with -inch wrought, tongued, and V jointed, oak boarding, hung to solid oak frame (or on hinge-hooks let into stone jambs), with strong, heavy, wrought iron mediæval hinges, and fastened with best rim dead lock cased with oak, and a heavy wrought iron latch with bold ornamental drop handle and plate, key-plate, &c., all wrought according to detail drawing (or a price to be stated for each article). The frames to be of oak, 6 inches by 4 inches, wrought, double rebated, stop chamfered, grooved, &c., tenoned into stone steps, and to have extra strong hooks on plates screwed to same.

For a dwelling house; the principal entrance door to be of deal 14 inches thick, framed flush, with V joints inside; the exterior to be cased with -inch oak boards, with moulded fillets over the joints, the same to return round the head, and to die at bottom on an oak rail, 9 inches deep, sometimes having sunk quatrefoils, &c. door to be hung on wrought iron ornamental hinges to hooks let into the jambs (or screwed to frames); an 8-inch rim lock and ornamental drop handle, escutcheon, and key-plate, and two 8-inch barrel bolts.

The

The back, or side entrance, door to be 1-inch, framed, ledged, and braced, covered with 3-inch wrought oak boarding with chamfered joints, nailed on with rose nails driven through and clenched; hung on hinges and fastened with lock and balts, similar to those specified for front entrance.

The internal doors may be of the following varieties:—

14-inch four-panelled, with hollow on the room side, and -inch diagonal V boarding
next the hall or passage; to be hung with fleur-de-lys or ornamental wrought iron
hinges, made to clasp the door so as to show on both sides, and fastened with
wrought iron latches and ornamental drop rings.

13-inch four-panelled, square framed, stop chamfered, filled in with upright or
diagonal V jointed boarding, and hung on hinges as previously specified.
Cupboard fronts to correspond with the doors of their respective rooms, hung on
ornamental S, HL, or other similar hinges, fastened with small tumbler locks,
wrought iron key plates, and small twisted or other drop handles.

The ceilings of the principal rooms;-after they are plastered, to be divided into
square panels about... feet square, by nailing thereon hollowed fillets 24 inches
by 1 inch (or more), neatly scribed at intersections, with staff beads 1 inch (or
more) diameter, nailed along the centre of the same, mitred at intersections, and
conveyed round walls as a cornice. Care is to be taken in laying the joists so that
they may form nailing points for these panel ribs.

The principal staircase to have 14-inch pitch pine (or other) treads, with rounded nosing and hollow moulding under same, and inch risers, glued and blocked to fir carriages; the ends of the steps to be housed into 14-inch wall strings, and 2-inch outer string boards, sunk and staff beaded, and finished at the top with a boldly moulded capping, framed at the bottom and corners into 6-inch square newels, with moulded finials, bases, and pendents, as drawing. Boldly moulded oak handrail, 4 inches wide and 6 inches deep, with 14-inch square oak balusters, stop chamfered. The landings to be formed by joists resting upon boldly moulded stopped beams, as shown on sections.

The tiled floor (when laid on joists):—spike fillets to joists, at 3 inches below their upper surfaces; fill in between the same with inch rough boarding. The vacuity to be filled up with pugging of concrete flush with the upper surface, finished with a layer inch thick of Roman cement smoothly floated to receive the tiles.

2293d. PLASTERER. If the walls of a church are to be plastered, the stone jambs to windows and doors are usually specified to project one inch beyond the face of wall, so as to form a stop for plaster, and afterwards cleaned off and left flush. Lath for, and plaster to, the spaces between the rafters (unless the boarding is intended to be left visible).