assigned for the height of the plinth. Excluding the plinth, divide the height into four ATTIC STORY. A term frequently applied to the upper story of a house when the ceiling AULA. (Lat.) In ancient Roman architecture, a court or hall. AUMBRYE. A recess in the wall of the chancel for the preservation of the sacred vessels. The axe AXE. (Sax. Eax.) A tool with a long wooden handle and a cutting edge situate in a plane passing longitudinally through the handle. It is used for hewing timber by cutting it vertically, the edge being employed in forming horizontal surfaces. wrought. A mixture for the same BAILEY. See CASTLE. differs from the joiner's hatchet by being much larger, and by its being used with only one hand. Axes of various sizes, depending upon the quality of the material, are used by stone-cutters and bricklayers. The adze is used to horizontal surfaces. The spindle or centre of any rotative motion. In a sphere a line passing through the centre is the axis. Axis. B BABYLONIAN ARCHITECTURE. See ASSYRIAN ARCHITECTURE. BACK OF A CHIMNEY. The recessed face of it towards the apartment, &c. See CHIMNEY. BACK OF A HIP or other RAFTER. The upper side or sides of it in the sloping plane of FALISTRARIA. An opening, sometim castle or turret, through which ar eived. They were usually in th de longer than the horizontal c ads were formed circular instead S or BAULES. (Dutch.) Piece pecies, rough-squared for buildin short lengths, from eighteen to tw ing considerably, and with the ang LALL FLOWER. An ornament resem the three petals of which form a russ it. It is usually placed low moulding, and is consid e of the chief characteristics of Decorated period of Gothicarchitec ALLY. In the architecture of mille ages, the open space or e df a fortified castle. This has acqu English the appellation Baile, Od Bailey in London, are so na BACK FILLET. The return to the face of the wall, of the margin of a projecting quoin; BACK LINING OF A SASH FRAME. That parallel to the pulley piece and next to the jamb BACK SHUTTERS. Those folds of a shutter which do not appear on the face being folded BACK OF A STONE. The side opposite to the face. It is generally rough. BACK OF A WALL. The inner face of it. BACK OF A WINDOW. The piece of wooden framing in the space between the lower part BACKING OF A RAFTER OF RIB. The formation of the upper or outer surface of either in ( ALLOON. A round ball or globe p same name is given to the balls feet in diameter, and at St. Paul's LETS (Lat. a girdle.) The wi 4 passage round them without dis arely as a landing-place. In t! altens. Vitruvius gives the rule Betting it out. The term balteus is also used by the plinth, divide the height into four pper story of a house when the ceiling ain symbols given to figures, or de the preservation of the sacred vessels ndle and a cutting edge situate in a In a sphere a line passing through ECTURE. y piece of architecture. In a reces e which has the two adjacent planes the apartment, &c. See CHIMNI sides of it in the sloping plane e pulley piece and next to the jam is generally rough. the space between the lower part forms the inner face of the w of the wood after it has bee wrought. A mixture for the same purpose is made of whiting and glue, and sometimes with putty and chalk. When the first of these is used it is allowed to remain until quite hard, after which it may be submitted to the operation of planing and smoothing. Without this precaution it may shrink below the surface of the work. BAGNIO. (It.) An Italian term for a bath, usually applied by the English to an establishment having conveniences for bathing, sweating, and otherwise cleansing the body: and now called a Turkish bath. The term is applied by the Turks to the prisons where their slaves are confined, in which it is customary to have baths. BAGUETTE. (Fr.) A small moulding of the astragal species. It is occasionally cut with pearls, ribands, laurels, &c. According to M. Le Clerc, the baguette is called a chaplet when ornaments are cut on it. BAILEY. See CASTLE. BAKEHOUSE. An apartment provided with kneading troughs and an oven for baking. BALCONY. (It. Balcone.) A projection from the external wall of a house, borne by DALDACHINO. (It.) A canopy supported by columns, generally placed over an altar in BALISTRARIA. An opening, sometimes in the form of a cross, in the wall of a Gothic BALKS OF BAULKS. (Dutch.) Pieces of whole fir, being the trunks of small trees of that middle ages, the open space or court Fig. 1366. in English the appellation Bailey; thus St. Peter's in the Bailey at Oxford, and the Old Bailey in London, are so named from their ancient connection with the sites of castles. BALLOON. A round ball or globe placed on a column or pier, by way of crowning it. The same name is given to the balls on the tops of cathedrals, as at St. Peter's, which is 8 feet in diameter, and at St. Paul's in London. BALTEUS. (Lat. a girdle.) The wide step in theatres and amphitheatres, which afforded a passage round them without disturbance to the sitters. No one sat on it; it served merely as a landing-place. In the Greek and Roman theatres, every eighth step was a balteus. Vitruvius gives the rules, in the third chapter of his fifth book, for properly setting it out. The term balteus is also used by Vitruvius to denote the strap which seems to bind up the coussinet, cushion, or pillow of the Ionic capital. BALUSTER. A species of small column belonging to a balustrade. See COLUMELLE. This term is also used to denote the lateral part of the volute of the Ionic capital. Vitruvius calls it pulvinata, on account of its resemblance to a pillow. BALUSTER SHAFT. A small shaft or pillar in the shape of a baluster dividing an opening, seen in the window of belfries in the Romanesque towers in England. They have generally an elliptical or pear-shaped entasis or swelling in the lower half. The illustration is from Wykham Church, Derbyshire. BALUSTRADE. A parapet or protecting fence formed of balusters, sometimes employed for real use, and sometimes merely for ornament. BAND. (Fr. Bande.) A flat member or moulding, smaller than a fascia. The face of a band is in a vertical plane, as is also that of the fascia; the word, however, is applied to narrow members somewhat wider than fillets; and the word fascia to broader members. The cinctures sometimes used round the shafts of rusticked columns are called bands. In this case the column is called a banded column. BANDAGES. A term applied to the rings or chains of iron inserted in the corners of a stone wall, or round the circumference of a tower, at the springing of a dome, &c., which act as a tie on the walls to keep them together. BANDELET, OF BANDLET. A small band encompassing Fig. 1867. Wykham Church, Derbya column like a ring. shire. BANDING PLANE. A plane intended for cutting out grooves and inlaying strings and bands in straight and circular work. BANISTER. A vulgar term for baluster, which see. BANKER. A bench, on which masons prepare, cut, and square their work. BANQUET. (Fr.) The footway of a bridge when raised above the carriage-way. BAPTISTERY. (Gr. BanTICw.) A detached building, or a portion of a church, destined for administration of the rite of baptism. It has been contended by some that the baptistery was at first placed in the interior vestibules of the early churches, as are in many churches the baptismal fonts. This, however, was not the case. The baptistery was quite separate from the basilica, and even placed at some distance from it. Until the end of the sixth century, it was, beyond doubt, a distinct building; but after that period the font gradually found its way into the vestibule of the church, and the praetice became general, except in a few churches, as at Florence, Ravenna, of S. Giovanni Laterano at Rome, and in those of all the episcopal cities of Tuscany, and some few other places. The Roman example is perhaps the most ancient remaining. There was a baptistery at Constantinople, of such dimensions that, on one occasion, it held a very numerous council. That at Florence is nearly ninety feet in diameter, octagonal, and covered with a dome. It is enclosed by the celebrated bronze doors by Lorenzo Ghiberti, which Michel Angelo said were fit to be the gates of Paradise. The baptistery of Pisa, designed by Dioti Salvi, was finished about 1160. The plan is octagonal, about 129 feet in diameter and 179 feet high. BAR. In a court of justice, an enclosure, three or four feet high, in which the counsel have their places to plead causes. The same name is given to the enclosure, or rather bar before it, at which prisoners are placed to take their trials for criminal offences. BAR. A piece of wood or iron used for fastening doors, window shutters, &c. BAR or BARRED DOOR. The term used in Scotland for a ledged door. BAR OF A SASH. The light pieces of wood or metal which divide a window sash into compartments for the glass. The angle bars of a sash are those standing at the intersection of two vertical planes. BAR IRON. Iron made of the cast metal after it comes from the furnace. The sows and pigs, as the shapes of the metal are technically termed, pass through the forges and chaufery, where, having undergone five successive heats, they are formed into bars. BAR-POSTS. Posts driven into the ground for forming the sides of a field gate. They are mortised, to admit of horizontal bars being put in or taken out at pleasure. BAR-TRACERY. A name given to the completely developed form of Gothic tracery, from its fancied resemblance to bars of iron wrought and bent into the various forms exhibited. BARBACAN. A watch-tower for descrying an enemy; also the outer work or defence of a castle, or the fort at the entrance of a bridge. Apertures in the walls of a fortress, for firing through upon the enemy, are sometimes called by this name. The etymology of the word has been variously assigned to French, Italian, Spanish, Saxon, and Arabian origin. See CASTLE. BARGE BOARDS. The inclined projecting boards placed at the gable of a building, and hiding the horizontal timbers of a roof. They are frequently carved with trefoils, quatrefoils, flowers, and other ornaments and foliage. BARGE COUPLES. (Sax. Bingan, to bar.) Two beams mortised and tenoned together for the purpose of increasing the strength of a building. BARGE COURSE. The part of the tiling which projects over the gable of a building, and which is made good below with mortar. BARN. (Sax. Benn.) A covered farm-building for laying up grain, hay, straw, &c. The situation of a barn should be dry and elevated. It is usually placed on the north or north-east side of a farm-yard. The barns, outhouses, and stables should not be far distant from each other. They are most frequently constructed with wooden framing of quarters, &c., and covered with weather boarding; sometimes, in superior farms, they are built of stone and brick. The roofs are usually thatched or tiled, as the materials for the purpose are at hand; but as the grain should of all things be kept dry, to prevent it from moulding, the gable ends should be constructed of brick, and apertures left in the walls for the free admission of air. The bays, as they are called, are formed by two pairs of folding doors, exactly opposite to each other, and, as well as for thrashing, afford the convenience of carrying in and out a cart or waggon load of corn in sheaves, or any sort of bulky produce. The doors in question must be of the same breadth as the threshing-floor, to afford light to the threshers, and air for winnowing the grain. It is a good practice to make an extensive penthouse over the great doors sufficiently large to cover a load of corn or hay, in case of the weather not permitting it to be immediately housed. BARRACK. A building erected for the housing of soldiers. BARRACK-ROOM. A name given to a long room in some houses in the country, and intended for the sleeping place of a number of men who may have to stay a night or two, the house not affording a room for each. BARREL DRAIN. One in the form of a hollow cylinder. BARREL VAULT. A cylindrical vault, presenting a uniform concave surface not groined or ribbed. BARROW. In Celtic antiquities a sepulchral mound, and called by different names according to the shape of it. BARTISAN. A turret on the summit of a tower, castle, or house, whereon was generally hoisted the standard or flag proper to the place. Fig. 1368. Temple on the Ilyssus. Fig. 1369. Temple at Priene. Fig. 1370. Early English Period. BARYCE OF BARYCEPHALE. (Gr. Bapus. low or flat, and kepaλn, head.) The Greek namə for an aræostyle temple. BASE. (Gr. Baris.) In geometry, the lower part of a figure or body. The base of a solid is the surface on which it rests. BASE OF A COLUMN. The part between the shaft and the pavement or pedestal, if there be any to the order. Each column of Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, Composite, Attic, the Romans has its particular base, for which see Fig. 1371. For the Attic base, see also under that word. The Grecian Doric order did not have a base, the shaft standing on the pavement. Two examples of Greek Ionic bases are given in Figs. 1368 and 1369. Bases are also used to the shafts in medieval architecture, of which Fig. 1370 illustrates an example. BASE OF A ROOM. The lower projecting part. It consists of two parts, the lower of which is a plain board adjoining the floor, called the plinth, and the upper of one or more mouldings, which, taken collectively, are called the base-mouldings. better sort of work the plinth is tongued into a groove in the floor, by which means the diminution of breadth created by the shrinking never causes any aperture or chasm between its under edge and the floor, and the upper edge of the plinth is rebated upon the base. Bedrooms, lobbies, passages, and staircases are often finished without a dado In GLOSSARY. and surbase, and indeed the fashion has extended the practice to rooms of the higher BASEMENT. The lowest story of a building, whether above or below the ground. GLOSSARY! in straight lines, in case the intrados is straight when it is a portion of a cone or cylinder; and w axis they will bend the easiest possible. Great fans of the battens, so as to be as nearly as possi of the plaster. Every piece of masonry or brick battened for lath and plaster, particularly if exare boarded, and the walls of the room not suff surface of the plastering is brought out so tion, and quarterings are used for supporting This is also practised when the breast of a e eover the recesses and make the whole side flu BATTER (Probably from the Fr. Battre.) A body does not stand upright, but inclines the contrary, it leans towards a person overhangs. BATTLEMENT. An indented parapet on the fortifications, and subsequently applied outline is generally a conjunction of st indentation having two interior right a angles. The solid parts are called mer sures. In Irish architecture a battler graduated in height. BATTLE-EMBATTLED. A term applied t battlements formed by a conjunction embrasures and rising parts being d the upper, and therefore the lower BALE. See BALK. BASKET. A term often applied to the vase of the Corinthian capital, with its foliage, &c. BASKET-HANDLE ARCH. (Fr. Anse de panier.) An arch whose vertical height is less than half its horizontal diameter, such as an elliptic arch. BASS. A trough containing mortar, used in tiling, &c. BASSE COUR. (Fr.) A court destined in a house of importance for the stables, coachhouses, and servants attached to that part of the establishment. In country houses it is often used to denote the yard appropriated to the cattle, fowls, &c. BASSO-RELIEVO. See RELIEVO. BASTARD STUCCO or TROWELLED STUCCO. Fine stuff mixed with sand to form a surface BAT. In bricklayer's work, a piece of a brick less than one half of its length. BATEMENT LIGHT. A window having upright sides, but the bottom of which is not level. BATH. (From the Saxon, Bab,) An apartment or series of apartments for bathing. Among the ancients the public baths were of amazing extent and magnificence, and contained a vast number of apartments. These extraordinary monuments of Roman magnificence seem to have had their origin in many respects from the gymnasia of the Greeks, both being instituted for the exercise and health of the public. The word therme (hot baths) was by the Romans used to denominate the establishment, although it contained in the same building both hot and cold baths. In later times a house was incomplete unless provided with hot and cold baths; and, indeed, it was not till the time of Augustus that public baths assumed the grandeur which their remains indicate. Different authors reckon nearly eight hundred baths in Rome, of which the most celebrated were those of Agrippa, Antoninus, Caracalla, Diocletian, Domitian, Nero, and Titus. It appears from good authority, that the baths of Diocletian could accommodate no less than eight hundred bathers. These stupendous edifices are indicative of the magnificence, no less than the luxury, of the age in which they were erected. The pavements were mosaic, the ceilings vaulted and richly decorated, and the walls encrusted with the rarest marbles. From these edifices many of the most valuable examples of Greek sculpture have been restored to the world; and it was from their recesses that the restorers of the art drew their knowledge, and that Rafaelle learnt to decorate the walls of the Vatican. See p. 96. BATTEN. (Probably from the Fr. Bâton, from its small width.) A scantling or piece of stuff from two to six inches broad, and from five-eighths of an inch to two inches thick. Battens are used in the boarding of floors and also upon walls, in order to receive the laths upon which the plaster is laid. See BOARDED FLOOR. E BALE ROOFING. Roofing in which Bar. In plasterer's work, the BATTENING. The fixing of battens to walls for the reception of the laths on which the plaster is to be laid. It a'so signifies the battens in the state of being fixed for that purpose. The battens employed are usually about two inches broad and three-fourths of an inch thick; the thicknesses, however, may be varied according to the distances that the several fixed points are from each other. Their distance in the clear is from eleven inches to one foot. To fix the battens, equidistant bond timbers were formerly built in the wall: the wall is now plugged at equal distances, and the plugs cut off flush with its surface, or the battens are spiked into the wall. The plugs are generally placed twelve or fourteen inches from centre to centre in the length of the batten. Battens upon external walls, the ceiling and bridging joists of a naked floor, also the common joists for supporting the boarding of a floor, are fixed at the same distance, viz. from eleven to twelve inches in the clear. When battens are fixed against flues, iron holdfasts are of course employed instead of bond-timbers or plugs. When they are attached to a wall they are generally fixed in vertical lines, and when fixed to the surface of a stone or brick vault, whose intrados is generated by a plane revolving about an axis, they ought to be placed in planes tending to the axis; as in this position they have only to be fixed wares have their shops. BACOS TURRET. The turr for containing the appara D. (Sax. Beade.) the edge of each fascia skirtings, imposts, and A quirk-bead, and when r BELD AND BUTT WORK. TEAD. BUTT, AND SQUAL upon the two edge on the other, chiefly the bead is stuck on AD AND FLUSH WOR BUD, FLLSH, AND SQ lole paurel. BEAD AND QUIRK. the other, used in only one qui Wirk occurs whe Banner. Cues forr 1st the A little pel |