and flows in a channel which he has constructed. The armies of Heaven do not interpose to prevent the sacrilege; on the contrary, blessings arise, both temporal and spiritual. Millions of acres are fertilized and yield abundant crops, the inhabitants have the highest privileges of their religion brought to their door, and the same stream which washes away the sins of the cultivator will bear his plenteous harvests, rapidly and cheaply to a market. The benevolent science of the foreigner, stands triumphant over the mercenary superstition and the money-getting lies of the Brahmun.

I dined at Mr. Woodside's. I was curious in questioning these missionaries with a view of obtaining the opinions of disinterested and well-informed men, on the actual working of the Company's government. All with whom I conversed spoke in the highest terms, both of the general policy of the Government, and the great improvements in the condition of its subjects. Especially, they said, that too much praise could not be given to the very high character of the civil service; and the integrity, equity, and benevolent spirit of its members, generally. At the same time they confessed that the greatest oppressions were continually committed in the name of Government; but assured me that they were, in every instance, traceable to the native subordinates, and could not properly be laid at the door of the European officials. The missionaries from the Punjab spoke with particular warmth of the great improvements in the administration of that country, during the few years that had elapsed since its annexation by the British. The revenue of the country had been considerably reduced; the quota of each tax-payer was equitably adjusted; and he no longer had to satisfy the extortion of the taxgatherer, as well as the just demands of Government. Public improvements had been extensively planned, and their execution begun. Every man felt sure of his head, his wife, and his property-whereas, under the old rule, no man's life was safe, and if any one had collected wealth by industry, skill, or enterprize, he soon learned that his gains must be shared by his rulers small and great.

To show still further the effect of a transfer from native to

English rule, I quote the words of a missionary now in this city. "At one of the missionary stations of our church in Upper India, a native chief was in power when the missionary first visited the city, which then contained a population of sixteen thousand souls. Soon afterwards the old chief died and left no heirs. His principality, according to native usage, escheated to the British; if his town had been on the other side of the Sutlěj, it would have fallen, in like manner, to the miserable old king referred to above. British rule was set up, the reign of law commenced, people from neighbouring districts, still under native rulers, removed to this town, and in a few years its population was numbered at nearly eighty thousand souls. Facts like this confute whole pages of declamation." No one who sympathizes with the restoration of order in France by the Great Napoleon, ought to object to the annexation of native territories by the Company. The two cases are almost exactly parallel. In both we have the forcible substitution of a good government for a bad one-of law for anarchy. In both certain rights were necessarily violated, and certain classes offended. Whatever differences there are in the two cases, are in favour of the English. The tyranny of a native government is worse than that of the Bourbons, or of the Revolutionary authorities. In France there was a large class who were much attached to the old Royal government; in an Indian State, such a class is small, and consists of the government officials who live by extortion, and the feudal princes who grow rich by violence and plunder. In France, too, if Napoleon had not arisen, the Bourbons would probably have been restored, and would have inaugurated a government purified of the abuses which had driven them from the throne. In India there was no such chance. ernments there never change or improve-they only become weak. The royal races degenerate, and, as vitality diminishes in the central organ of the body politic, the extremities. become corrupt and disorganized. Then comes a bloody usurpation, and the same thing is repeated. Sometimes the catastrophe is a conquest; but, with that change, the above formula is an accurate description of the history of the native

Gov

dynasties of India. Fortunate are those States which, at such a crisis in the affairs of their rulers, have been taken under British protection, and saved from the indefinite repetition of revolutions, tyrannies, anarchy, and conquest. The term "revolution," which I employ, may be misunderstood. I would not imply a popular movement. There never has been, and never can be anything of the kind in India, with reference to government. The great mass of the population have stood inactive for centuries, and seen their country invaded; their royal families in chains, or put to the sword; armies of invaders devastating their fields, and robbing their wealth. They have beheld, unmoved, every possible change in the supreme power; they have submitted without a murmur, to the most grinding cruelty and oppression; but they have never once struck a blow in their own defence-they only fled to the jungul and its tigers, when their country was overrun by robbers, like the Maharattas, of more than average cruelty; or took refuge in the British territories, when, as in the case of Oude, the tyranny of government was no longer endurable.

I was very glad to learn that during the Punjab war, the Punjabee proclamations of the English General were printed at the press of the American missionaries. This fact alone, shows the light in which our countrymen looked upon that movement. The English government has lately had the opportunity of repaying its obligations. During the recent disturbances a very large amount of American property was destroyed at Loodianah. As soon as order was restored, Sir John Lawrence assessed the sum upon the town, and thus promptly reimbursed the loss sustained by our missions.

After dinner, I drove out with Mr. Woodside, in his buggy. We visited a handsome new surai which has recently been built by public subscription; the school-house of the missionaries, a pukka building on the model of a Connecticut Seminary, and a Seekh temple-which last is a curious place. It consists of a court containing one large building on a raised platform, and four similar, but smaller edifices at each of the four corners. The Seekhs, it is well known, are a religious

sect who arose at Lahor, about four hundred years ago. Their founder pretended to a new revelation, which is contained in a sacred volume called the Grunth. The new religion borrowed many dogmas from both the Hindoo and Mahommedan systems, and was embraced with equal readiness by the followers of either faith. This temple typified, to some extent, the two-fold origin of the Seekh creed. Its form, though similar to those of the mosques, also recalled the Hindoo temple. The shape of the arches and decorations may be described as impure Saracenic. The main building contains the tomb of the founder of an extensive sect of Fukheers, or Mendicant Friars, in whose hands the establishment is. The four smaller buildings at the angles shelter the remains of the saint's wives. He allowed himself four of these luxuries, but forbade marriage altogether to his disciples. All five of the tombs have domes. The larger one has a coating of polished white cement, but the four smaller buildings are beautifully decorated with colours, which have withstood, uninjured, the effects of the climate, for over a century and a half. As we were looking at the large temple, we were accosted by the chief Fukheer, a very tall, venerable-looking old man with a long white beard. His rich dress seemed somewhat incongruous with the poverty and mortification professed by the body to which he belonged; and contrasted forcibly with the naked sanctity of his followers. He made a profound salám and of fered us some peculiar spices, after which, he made a long speech which I could not understand, but which Mr. Woodside said was a complimentary oration descriptive of the high respect entertained by him for missionaries generally, and Mr. Woodside in particular. The Gooroo afterwards accompanied us around the enclosure, and pointed out the beauties of the smaller tombs. One of them had met with a remarkable accident. During an earthquake, its wall had become cracked completely through, in a line parallel with the ground. The upper part remained stationary, while the lower and larger part had moved under it about three inches in a circular direction, in which position it now remains, and is apparently as strong as ever.

After making our saláms to the Gooroo, we returned to Mr. Woodside's, and had prayers and a very long sermon. The congregation was rather numerous, and contained several families of the station-the gentlemen of which had taken a great deal of interest in the Mission, and contributed a large part of the funds for the construction of the school, and the purchase, for the Mission, of the fine large house in which Mr. Woodside was residing.

Mr. Woodside informed me that he had just returned from a missionary tour in the Himalayas, during which he had ascended the snowy range to the height of twenty thousand feet, and he showed me a fragment of granite brought by him from that height.

The prayers being finished, we had supper; and after that meal, having bade farewell to my host and other countrymen, and having received from Mr. B— -two letters of introduction, which he kindly wrote for me to friends of his in the Punjab, I entered the dhoolee and started for Roorkee, at which place I hoped to arrive by seven next morning. We did not, however, arrive till ten o'clock, but I was consoled for the delay by the magnificent view of the hills and snowy range which was continually before my eyes for the last two hours of the road.

The situation of Roorkee is very pretty, as it is on a fertile and well cultivated plain, and is quite hid by groves of mango trees, from which emerge several minárs and domes. The dak-bungalow is under the trees, just outside the town, which I did not have the curiosity to enter. After taking breakfast, I went to see the Honourable Company's Iron Foundry, and Machine Manufactory. It is a very extensive establishment. The iron used, comes altogether from England, and I could not at first understand the object of establishing a foundry at this place, nearly a thousand miles from the coast. The superintendent, however, who showed me over the works, explained that the real object was to test the ability of native workmen in the manufacture of iron; and to introduce to them a new branch of industry. The enterprize is prevented from being a great failure in a monetary point of view, by manufacturing