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until, by some sort of common consent, a head, or President is invested with monarchical functions, and enthroned as Chairman, Chief, or Master of the ceremonies.

1415. Then, ere the business and purpose of such an assembly can be conducted to its proper issue, a Committee, or council, of its most talented, experienced, and therefore most honoured members, must be chosen, and promoted to become Counsellors and Assistants to the Throne or Chair, to constitute a regular and orderly association, and to fulfil its offices. These constitute the aristocracy of this assembly, its Nobles and most illustrious Offspring.

1416. Finally, the remaining individuals of this association are its Commons, the original and ultimate referees of the whole constituted for a united purpose,-a Brotherhood and Commonweal. When such individuals are too numerous for deliberation in general assembly, their office is supplied by a deputation of Representatives, freely elected by the whole lawfully qualified community of commons, or Constituents.

1417. For to the various members of this domestic society, as to all society, God and nature have given an absolute diversity of powers, talents, and virtues, no individual being in all respects, or in any, the perfect similitude of another; and these faculties are for exercise upon the substances of nature and the gifts of heaven, in the various

attainments of matter, sense, and mind: whence the origin of personal rights and property, which are the great objects of moral and political laws, for which all government is instituted.

1418. Thus it appears, in a synthetical view, that the natural elements of political society are Constitutional, as politically denominated; and the British Constitution has sprung out of the wisdom and tendency of nature, and the freedom of the community to follow its dictates, self-protected, and by nature protected from external domination.

1419. The moral constitution, too, like the political, is the same for a family, or nation, as it is for the individual: thus, that domestic society or family is morally perfect which is provided with economy, conducted with decorum, and governed with equity; and so it is pre-eminently with

nations.

1420. Economics, and economy too, each first in its department as science, have the same root and relations; and as individuals decline morally through the want of the virtue of industry and economy, so do families and a nation begins to sink politically from the moment when indolence is regarded as honourable, and industry and economy as a disgrace.

1421. It is a principle of Nature, of Politics, and of Morals,-it is also a religious principle,that nothing should be wasted; for in nature, the work of God, there is neither waste of substance

nor waste of time, every corruption therein is a new production, and nothing whatever stands still: so in society every power should be brought into action. We see, hence, how economy belongs especially to Economics, and how they extend throughout every branch of Politics, and constitute a foundation for the whole according equally with nature, science, and sacred writ: in all of which destruction and the destroyer are abhorrent, while Providence is but another name for God.*

1422. The intimate relation of Morals and Politics involves a wide field for discussion, wherein might be usefully shewn in what manner the various morality of men influence their political conduct, and, reciprocally, how in particular political principles and practices influence private and domestic morality; while each may reflect an extensive illustration upon the other: of which we will only instance the force of republicanism in depressing that parental respect and authority which loyalty holds sacred and confirms. This force, in Economics, is called Dulocracy, or the domination of servants and children.

1423. And, with especial regard to Economics, which link Morals to Politics, nothing merits more attention than the power and effect of female rule, or Gynocracy; of which every family bears evidence, favourable or unfavourable, according to the prevalence therein of intellect or sense: the

* See Sect. 1345.

latter subjecting the mother to her children, and occasioning a Dulocracy; the former colleaguing her with her espoused in parental rule. Hence the importance of enlightening the female mind by education, and of impressing it with moral law, and thereby changing the too ordinary position of son and husband; for the female executive-wife and mother-thus refined by education and moral discipline, will coerce the son rather than the father, and indulge the husband rather than the son, and thereby acquire for herself the reverence and regard of the son, and the love and admiration of the husband, in place of the contempt and hatred of both, to which she has been but too often the victim; by regarding which, moral duty, and domestic law and harmony, would be promoted, women become more amiable, men morally better, and the matter of political society ameliorated and improved.

1424. De Lolme complained, that, preceding his time, men, instead of looking for the principles of Politics in their true sources,-the nature and affections of mankind, and of those sacred ties by which they are united in a state of society,-had treated the science as they did natural philosophy in the time of Aristotle, by continually recurring to occult causes and principles, from which no useful consequences could be drawn. But if politicians

* De Lolme "On the Constitution of England," chap. xix.

were then too metaphysical, we may now complain that they are become too physical; and, instead of deducing Politics from the natural and moral relations of mankind, they draw their principles from the matter of society, and regard every thing therein as emanating from the individual and physical elements of a state. If there was obscurity and absurdity in the one extreme, there is gross delusion, danger, and degradation in the other.

SECTION III.

1425. As that which we have in the commencement termed POLITY, or NATIONAL GOVERNMENT, is medial in Politics, and is that to which we owe the name, a more immediate inquiry into this science will perhaps better develope the various general forms of polity, or the existing constitutions of states; more especially so since the progress of universal Politics, which we have traced from the individual, exhibits the natural, and not the artificial, structure subsisting among men and nations, disjointed, diversified, and lost to the remembrance of an original stock and natural constitution.

1426. Hence the sane practical politician or statesman governs a community more according to what it is contingently, than according to what it would have been naturally and truly; yet even in the confusion of political practices, some traces of

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