yellowish brown; furnished with points on the head, between the eyes and at the wings; it has on each fegment a double row of dorfal hooks turned downwards, and diminishing in fize as they approach the tail point, which is obtufe, and armed with a number of black teeth: by the help of thefe cramps, the pupa, alternately preffing against the fides of it's nidus and turning round, rifes to the orifice of the canal, emerges with the upper part of it's body, but remains fixed to the fpot by the teeth of it's tail-point, till the fphinx is ready to burst it's cover. A fimilar formation, and for the fame end, has been given by nature to the pupa of bombyx cofas, and, if we may judge from analogy, probably to the pupa of every larva that feeds on the pith of trees, and waits it's final transformation beneath their bark.

The fecond part of this paper contains a fhort account of the bombyx trifolii of Fabricius, which, with the plate, will appear fuperfluous, were the infect even lefs common than it really is, to thofe who are poffeffed of Sepp's circumftantial defcription and admirable figures. What deferves moft attention is the defcription and figure of ichneumon chryfopus, produced from one pupa; which however cannot be confidered as confined in it's depredations to this fpecies.

11. The fecond paper, communicated by Arthur Bruce, efq., relates the curious fact, attefted by the gardener and butler of lord Airly, of the common mole's (talpa europea) ability of croffing the water in queft of a better fituation.

111. A History of Three Species of Caffida. By the rev. William Kirby of Barham.-They are liriophora, perhaps viridis, and maculata; with latin characteristics and defcriptions.

Iv. Obfervations relating to the Migration of Birds. By Edmund Lambert, Efq. of Boyton near Heytebury, Wilts, &c.—The birds here noticed, are the fwallow, goatfucker, woodcock, Snipe, roystom crow, fieldfare, redwing, landrail, and waterwagtail.

v. Account of the Canis Graius Hibernicus, or Irish Wolf Dog. By 4B. Lambert, Efq. F. R. with a Plate.

VI. The Botanical Hiftory of Mentha exigua. By the Prefident. VII. Obfervations on the Economy of the Ichneumon Manifeftator Lin. By Th. Marfham, Efq. with a Plate.-This paper contains many acute and exact remarks on the operations of that fly, in it's ferutiny of the repofitories of apis maxillofa. The plate is excel

lent.

VIII. Defcription of a new Species of Opercularia. By Mr. The. Young. With a Plate.

1x. Deferiptions of eight new Files from Sumatra. By Mr. Mungo Park.The fpecies defcribed are; chaetodon canaliculatus, chaetodon trifafciatus, perca lunulata, with a plate; perca aurata, perca fumatrenfis, fcomber filamentofus, baliftes niger, baliftes undulatus.

x. Lindfea; a new Genus of Ferns. By Jonas Dryander. With five Plates.

X1. On a Species of Tellina, not defcribed by Linnæus. By W.G, Mater.

x11. Obfervations upon the Generic Character of Ulva, with Def criptions of fome new Species. By T. J. Woodward.

X111. Account of a Species of Bark, the original Quina-Quina of Peru, &c. By J. Hawkins, Efq. of Dorchefter. With a Plate.-Of fo interefting a product of nature, we cannot forbear extracting the fuccinct but precife account of the author.

P. 59. There is a famous tree, befides the peruvian bark (cinchona officinalis of Linnæus), known in feveral provinces of South America, under the name of quina-quina, and in the province of Maynas, on the banks of the river Marannon, under that of Tatchi. A fragrant refin diftills from the trunk by means of an incifion. The feeds, called by the fpaniards pepitas de quinaquina, have the form of beans, or of flat almonds, and are enclofed in a kind of doubled leaf, between which and the feed is found a little of the fame refin that diftills from the tree. Their chief ufe is to make fumigations, which are reputed cordial and wholesome, but their reputation is much leis now than formerly.

This tree grows plentifully in feveral provinces of High Peru, as in the neighbourhood of Chucuifaca, or la Plata, Tarija, Mifque, Lipes, &c. The natives make rolls or malfes of the refin, which they fell at Potofi and Chucuifaca, where they serve not only to fumigate or perfume with, but alfo for feveral other ufes in phyfic, fometimes under the form of a plafter, fometimes under that of a compound oil made from the refin. This fubftance is fuppofed to promote perfpiration, ftrengthen the nerves, and to restore the motion of the joints in gouty people, by barely carrying in the hand and continually handling it, without any preparation, of which many inftances are recorded. The turks apply their caddarum to the very fame ufe.

It is wonderful, that the bark of loxa (cinchona officinalis) fhould have been called in Europe, and every other part of the world except its native place, by the name of quina-quina, which name properly belongs to the tree we are mentioning, always called quina quina by the natives, and afterwards by the fpaniards when they first became acquainted with it. Among the feveral virtues attributed to this tree, the most confiderable is that of its bark, which paffed for an excellent febrifuge, and, before the difcovery of the tree of loxa, was in great repute for curing tertian agues, &c. The jefuits of la Paz or Chucuyapu gathered its bark, which is intenfely bitter, very carefully, and ufed to fend it to Rome, where it was diftributed under the true name of quinaquina, and used for the cure of intermittent fevers. It feems that the bark of loxa having paffed into Europe, particularly to Rome, by the fame means, the new febrifuge has been confounded with the old one, and that of loxa having been moft ufed, has retained the name of the firit, which is now-a-days almost entirely forgotten. The name cafcarilla, or fmall bark, given to that of lexa, feems to have been invented in order to diftinguish it from fome other, undoubtedly the ancient quina-quina.

Tab. 12, reprefents the ancient quina-quina, etched by Mr. Hawkins from the original fpecimen in 1741, and which is here

re.

re-engraved, the old plate being loft. The stalk (A) is triangu lar, furrowed and pithy, emitting branches alternately, with a leafy wing running along every angle, like a three edged fwordblade, terminating here and there in a rounded form. Thefe wings are thick, and curioufly veined. When fteeped in hot water, in order to expand them, they become covered all over with a white powdery fubitance (probably from the refin which the water could not diffolve). (B) is a tranfverfe fection of the item and leaves; (c) the feeds, of a brown colour and woody fubstance.'

XIV. Natural Hiftory of Perca Scandens. By Lieutenant Daldorff of Tranquebar, &c.-The latin account of this fingular fifh, that climbs trees and perambulates flores, appears to be the work of an accurate observer.

xv. The specific Characters of fome minute Shells difcovered on the Coast of Pembrokeshire, with an Account of a new marine Animal. By John Adams, Efq. With a Plate.-The marine animal here described appears to conftitute a new genus among the vermes zoophyta.

XVI. On the latin Terms ufed in Natural Hiftory. By the Rev. John Brand.-A claffical defence of the barbarifms, invented by the framers of fystems, and adopted by their followers.

XVII. Additional Obfervations on the British Species of Carex: By the Rev. S. Goodenough. With a Plate.

XVIII. A Defeription of the Porbeagle Shark, the Squalus Cornubicus of Gmelin. By the fame. With a Plate.

XIX. Obfervations on the British Fuci, &c.—This is a confiderable treatife; with plates.

xx. Defcription of Ulva Punctata. By J. Stackhouse, Efq.

XXI. Obfervations on the Genus of Porella, and the Phafcum caulefcens of Linnæus. By Mr. J. Dickfon. With a Plate.

XXII. Defcription of the Ribes fpicatum. By Mr. Edward Robfon. With a Plate.

XXIII. Obfervations on the Infects that infefted the Corn in the Year 1795; in a Letter, &c. By T. Marfham, Efq. With a Plate.This paper, which contains fome correfpondence, and is accompanied by a plate from a very elegant drawing communicated by fir J. Banks, leaves the fubject in queftion nearly where it found it. XXIV. Defcriptions of Actinia crafficornis and fome British Shells. By J. Adams.

xxv. Botanical Characters of fome Plants of the natural Order of Myrti. By the Prefident.

XXVI. Obfervations on the Genus Oeftrus. By Mr. Bracy Clark, Veterinary Surgeon, &c. With a Plate.-Of this admirable paper it is not eafy to fpeak in terms of fufficient praife, whether it be confidered in a fyftematic, hiftoric, philofophical, or medical point of view. It rectifies the errours of Linné, and difentangles the mazes of Fabricius; it traces the different fpecies to their origin, and follows them in their progrefs; in a general view, it balances their good or ill effects on the animals that are fubject to them, and details the most plaufible means of preventing the evils they inflict, or promoting the benefits they may occafion. Where all invites, it is difficult to felect, and as difficult to feparate, where all appears

VOL. XXVIII.

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pears connected an historical fragment, from the author's ac count of the offirus equi, as leaft dependent on the affistance of figures, will furnish the reader with a fpecimen of Mr. Clark's method and manner, and beft imprefs him with a defire of perusing the whole of the paper, which, from it's eminent usefulness, we cannot forbear wishing to fee published separately.

P. 304. The mode purfued by the parent fly to obtain for its young a fituation in the ftomach of the horfe is truly fingular, and is effected in the following manner :-When the female has been impregnated, and the eggs are fufficiently matured, the fecks among the horfes a fubject for her purpofe, and, approaching it on the wing, fhe holds her body nearly upright in the air, and her tail, which is lengthened for the purpose, curved inwards and upwards in this way fhe approaches the part where the defigns to depofit the egg; and fufpending herself for a few feconds before it, fuddenly darts upon it, and leaves the egg adhering to the hair he hardly appears to fettle, but merely touches the hair with the egg held out on the projected point of the abdomen, The egg is made to adhere by means of a glutinous liquor fecreted with it. She then leaves the horfe at a fmall distance, and prepares a fecond egg, and poing herself before the part, depofits it in the fame way. The liquor dries, and the egg becomes firmly glued to the hair: this is repeated by various flies till 4 or 500 eggs are fometimes placed on one horse.

The horfes, when they become ufed to this fly, and find it does them no injury, as the tabani and conopes, by fucking their blood, hardly regard it, and do not appear at all aware of its infidious object.

The fkin of the horfe is always thrown into a tremulous motion on the touch of this infect, which merely arifes from the very great irritability of the fkin and cutaneous mufcles at this feason of the year, occafioned by the continual teafing of the flies, till at length thefe mufcles act involuntarily on the flightest touch of any body whatever.

The infide of the knee is the part on which thefe flies are most fond of depofiting their eggs, and, next to this, on the fide and back part of the fhoulder, and, lefs frequently, on the extreme ends of the hairs of the mane. But it is a fact worthy of attention, that the fly does not place them promifcuously about the body, but conftantly on thofe parts which are most liable to be licked with the tongue; and the ova therefore are always fcru pulously placed within its reach. Whether this be an act of reafon or instinct, it is certainly a very remarkable one. I fhould fufpect, with Dr. Darwin †, it cannot be the latter, as that ought to direct the performance of any act in one way only.

Whichever of thefe it may be, it is, without doubt, one of the ftrongest examples of pure inftinct, or of the moft circuitous reafoning any infect is capable of. The eggs thus depofited, I at

*November.

Zoonomia. Vid. Chapter on Inftinct.'

firft fuppofed were loofened from the hairs by the moisture of the tongue, aided by its roughnefs, and were conveyed to the flomach, where they were hatched; but, on more minute fearch, I do not find this to be the cafe, or at leaft only by accident; for when they have remained on the hairs four or five days they become ripe, after which time the flightest application of warmth and moisture is fufficient to bring forth in an infant the latent larva. At this time, if the tongue of the horse touches the egg, its operculum is thrown open, and a fmall active worm is produced, which readily adheres to the moilt furface of the tongue, and is from thence conveyed with the food to the ftomach. If the egg itfelf be taken up by accident, it may pafs on to the intestinal canal before it hatches; in which cafe its existence to the full growth is more precarious, and certainly not fo agreeable, as it is expofed to the bitterness of the bile.

Ihave often, with a pair of fciffars, clipped off some hairs with the eggs on them from the horfe, and on placing them in the han d moistened with faliva, they have hatched in a few feconds. At other times, when not perfectly ripe, the larva would not appear though held in the hand under the fame circumstances for feveral hours; a fufficient proof that the eggs themselves are not conveyed to the ftomach.

It is fortunate for the animals infested by these infects, that their numbers are limited by the hazards they are expofed to. I fhould fufpect near a hundred are loft for one that arrives at the perfect ftate of a fly. The eggs, in the first place, when ripe, often hatch of themselves, and the larva, without a nidus, crawls abqut till it dies; others are washed off by the water, or are hatched by the fun and moisture thus applied together.

When in the mouth of the animal they have the dreadful ordeal of the teeth and maftication to pass through. On their arrival at the ftomach, they may pafs, mixed with the mafs of food, into, the intestines; and, when full grown, on dropping from the anus to the ground, a dirty road or water may receive them.-If on the compons, they are in danger of being crushed to death, or being picked up by the birds who fo conftantly for food attend the footsteps of the cattle. Such are the contingencies by which Nature has wifely prevented the too great increase of their num bers, and the total deftruction of the animals they feed on.

I have once feen the larva of this oeftrus in the flomach of an afs indeed there is little reafon to doubt their exidence in the ftomachs of all this tribe of animals.

The perfect fly but ill fuftains the changes of weather; and cold and moisture, in any confiderable degree, would proba bly be fatal to it. Thefe fies never purfue the horse into the water. This averfion, I imagine, arifes from the chilnefs of that element, which is probably felt more exquifitely by them, from the high temperature they had been expofed to during their larva ftate. The heat of the ftomach of the horfe is much greater than that of the warmest climate, being about 102 degrees of Fahrenheit, and in their fly state they are only expofed to 60, and from that to about 80 degrees. This change, if fuddenly ap

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plied,