ART. XXXY. A Narrative of the Particulars which took Place on an Application of the Author to the Right Reverend the Lord Bishop of Norwich, to be admitted a Candidate for Holy Orders. Containing original Copies of Letters, and his Lordship's Anfwers. By John White, of the City of Norwich, Gentleman, Author of An Appeal to the Right Reverend the Bishops, Clergy, and Public. 8vo. 83 pages. Price 1s. 6d. Norwich, Stevenfon and Matchett; London, Ridgeway. 1798.

We are forry to feel ourselves called upon profeffionally to notice a publication of this fort. Mr. White conceives himself to have been unhandfomely treated by the bishop of Norwich, who refufed to or- . dain him. Mr. W. folicited from his lordship ordination as a deacon;, as a priest when he should obtain preferment; and a difpenfation with his fetting down his name at college, for fhould your lordship," fays he, infift thereon, I am fearful I muft entirely give up the pleafing profpect before me, from inability to afford thofe expenfes neceffarily attendant thereon.' The bishop's anfwer was very explicit. P. 7.

. Sir,

June 7th, 1796.

It is not in my power, confiftently with the agreement entered into with the bishops, to accede to your request, and admit you to orders. The objections are numerous: first, that you were not educated for the church; next, that a large portion of your time has been dedicated to another profeffion; and, laftly, that you do not belong to either of the univerfities. Whatever, fir, be my inclinations to ferve you, the nature of your cafe will not allow me, in the manner you have fuggefted, to purfue them.

From, fir, &c.

Here the matter ought to have flopped: and whatever difappointment Mr. W. may fince have experienced, we cannot help thinking he may attribute it to his own imprudent perfevérance. The first answer of the bishop was full and fufficient; every fubfequent application, therefore, to fay the leaft of it, was idle and imprudent. So the matter appears to us; but we do not fit as judges in a court of common pleas. The manner in which Mr. W. fpeaks of his father is highly cenfurable.

A. N.

ART. XXXVI. An Effay on Literary Property; containing a Commentary on the Statute of Queen Anne (8 Q. An, ch. 19.), and Animadverfions on that Statute. By the Rev. Dr. Trufler. With a dedicatory Priface to the Lord Chancellor. Printed for the Author, and fold at No. 7, Great Carter-Lane, Doctors Commons; where may be had all the Author's Works. 1798.

THIS is termed a Commentary' on the Statute of Anne, and contains fome obfervations on the prefent ftate of literary property. Had it not been for the title page, however, we fhould have been uncharitable enough to have fuppofed it a pff for Trufler's Chronology," which has gone through fourteen large editions,' &c. Even in that cafe we could not have difplayed lefs of the benignant fpirit of chrif tianity than this reverend author of almanacs and abridgements, who, while fpeaking of a very refpectable clafs of tradefmen, obferves, that of all defcriptions of men, bookfellers are the most unfair dealers.'

When we behold a man arguing against the fe of any thing, on account of it's abufe, we doubt whether he be acquainted with the firft principles of logic; but when we find a compiler, who exifts by print ing, and whole works are confined exclufively to the vulgar, declaiming against the liberty of the prefs, and lamenting the fpread of knowledge, we are ftruck dumb with furprize. But let us hear what the doctor himfelf fays.

I ventured to affert that the fecondary, if not the firft caufe of all the troubles that France has lately experienced, is the art of printing. The revolution there has been attributed to the writings of the philo. fophers of that country, to Voltaire, Jean Jacques Rouffeau, D'Alembert, the abbé Raynal, and others, who have taken pains to perfuade the people, that by nature they are all equal and entitled to the fame privileges, and that defpotifm had made flaves of them-If thofe philofophers have given rife to the commotions that unhappy country has experienced, how have they effected it? By their writings. Their writings could not have done this if they were not univerfally circulated and understood, and if their doctrines had not been fpread throughout the land. This fpreading then has been owing to books, and the -people's being able to read them. Hinc ille lachryme!" Here is the misfortune! The evil of books arifes from printing, and of course printing is the fource of all their misfortunes. It has brought about a conmunication of erroneous notions; doctrines tending to poifon and inflame the minds of a half-learned people.

Printing has certainly its good ufes, but has alfo its evils. Had printing been limited, and books confined to a few-were none fuffered to read but those who can understand and digeft what they read, it would be well but printing, has introduced learning to read, and every man who can read, will read, if they can obtain books; and reading has created authors without number. Hence has arifen all those mischiefs the world has experienced, fchifms in religion, fchifms in politics, fchifms that have ended in revolution, in flaughter and in bloodthed.

"Printing," fays a french author, "has made all mankind set up for reafoners, a vanity productive of indocile heads and mutinous hearts. The cement of fubordination is humility, a virtue not likely to be gained by books. An infpired author. has faid, "that knowledge puf feth up," of courfe it is as little fit to make foldiers as bondmen and artificers. The governors of the Foundling-hof ital, if I am rightly informed, convinced of the ill effects of teaching their boys and girls to read and write, have put a total ftop to it. If printing then has in troduced a flood of evil, and if it is impoffible and would be impolitic to abolish this evil, or to check it by an imprimatur, the ftate fhould endeavour to counteract the evil by making books fearce, and ceafing to teach the children of the poor to read. Such a duty should be laid on printing paper, or fuch a ftamp put on every sheet of a printed book, that none fhould come within' the reach of the poor. The fewer hands books are in the better. The opulent will always have them, and none but the opulent fhould have them. When books are difficult to come at, nothing but a heart-felt predeftination for fcience, an irresistible impulfe to literature, will induce a man to provide himself with any." The doctor here points out a fure way of being revenged on his foes, the bookfellers; but what will become of his own almanacs, when all his prefent customers are prohibited from reading by the increase of ftamps,

H 3

ftamps, and thofe who might otherwise be his future ones are excluded by incapacity?

The foope of the pamphlet, as we are told, is to add fresh fafeguards to copy-right; but fuch is the miferable inconfiftency of the text, that by the mifchievous plan here recommended, there would be an end to all literary property.

We had almost omitted to remark, that the dedicatory preface' to lord Loughborough abounds in bad english.

ART. XXXVII. A Letter from Citizen Gregoire, Bishop of Blois, to Don Raymon Jofeph de Arce, Archbishop of Burgos, Chief Judge of the Inquifition in Spain, upon the Neceffity and Advantage of fuppreffing that Tribunal. Tranflated from the French. 12mo. 33 pages. THE tribunal of the inquifition has always been contemplated in this country with horrour, and we confess, that it gives us great pleafure, to behold one churchman addreffing another on this fubject, in language that indicates no common zeal for the interefts of humanity.

A letter,' fays Mr. Gregoire, written by a french bishop to a bishop of Spain, the chief judge of the inquifition, to demand of him the fuppreffion of that inftitution, is a thing not void of fingularity; but that which ought to appear much more ftrange in the eyes of enlightened men,' adds he, is this, that even to our times the inquifition has continued in exiftence; and that more than two centuries after the æra in which the virtuous Carranza had been dragged into its dungeons, one of his fucceffors in the archbishopric of Toledo prefide over that tribunal.'

After asking whether the abufe complained of be a religious eftablishment, and quoting St. Cyprian, he continues thus:

If it be pretended that the inquifition, reduced now to the state of a paffive inftrument in the hand of policy, rejects the cenfure of a foreigner, who avows the principle confecrated by nature and enregistered in the french conftitution, which prohibits an interference with the government of other countries, I fhall observe, that certain attempts against humanity form an exception in the code of the rights of nations: pofterity has loaded with praifes the hero who forbad the carthaginians to facrifice human victims: but the maiming of men, the traffick in negroes, flavery and the inquifition, may well enter into the lift of exceptions; and befides, who can difpute with any individual the right of expreffing his wishes for the welfare of humanity? To give thofe wishes, fupported by all the power of argument, that publicity, the extent of which the prefs has so very much enlarged; for happiness is alfo the bond of union among nations: wo be to him who lays the foundation of his own profperity upon the oppreffion of others; to him alfo who profeffes indifference to what concerns them! National egotifm, like individual egotism, is a crimes; whoever partakes of it is guilty of inhumanity. This fentiment accords with the attachment of predilection we feel for the body politic of which we are members, under whofe guardian laws we live and the moment is doubtlefs not far diftant, when nations fhall become fenfible that their happiness, like that of individuals, cannot be pure and lafting, unless they share it with all mankind.'

The

1

The bishop of Blois now recurs to Scripture, by way of reminding the archbishop of Burgos, "that God caufes his fun to fhine equally on the just and the unjuft." Matt. v. 45. and then laments the perverfion of the text, "compel them to come in," which, he fays," merely alludes to the preffing exhortations of a tender charity." This interpretation is fupported by referring to the paffage, in which Lot is mentioned as hofpitably entertaining the angels, and St. Paul as obtaining a kind reception in Lydia.

The inquifition,' continues he, a ftranger to the happy ages of the church, could have its rife only amid the darkness, ignorance, and pollution of the middle ages. Its conduct, contradios not its origin; vicious in its inftitution, is it lefs fo in its forms? Certain perfons pretend to perceive a neceffity for its exiftence. I fhall not conteft with this tribunal its moderation, which one of our writers has extolled, though letters received from Spain invalidate his teftimony, by oppofing the recent facts which have happened, among others, at Valladolid; although we know perfons living in our country whofe innocence has groaned within the bolts of the prifons of the inquifition: but I will fay, that the fecrecy in which it involves its proceedings, the obfcurity with which it is furrounded, are marked with difapprobation by all who have juft ideas of what ought to characterize judiciary forms. Publicity tends alike to the advantage of the arraigned and of the judges; being at once the fafeguard of innocence, and the voucher which proves the integrity of the magiftrate.

What end would it ferve, to repeat in this place, thofe irrefragable arguments urged againft this tribunal? I will not make a merit of copying that which every body may read, in a number of printed books with which you are undoubtedly acquainted: but permit me to tell you, that the exiftence of the inquifition is a con. ftant flander against the catholic church; it tends to represent as the favourer of perfecution, defpotifm, and ignorance, a religion effentially mild and forbearing, equally favourable to the sciences and to liberty.

There is a truth, indeed, too little unfolded by the hiftorians of the church, which is, that among the many little motives which ftimulated the emperors and their dependents to perfecution, we fhould reckon the fear of feeing the greatness of their power fhaken. They dreaded the Gofpel, which is a true declaration of rights; which, inceffantly reminding men of their primitive equality, and confoling them under their fufferings from tyranny, commands them expressly not to take the title of mafter, because they have but one mafter, who is Jefus Chrift, and they are all brethren. Matt. xxiii. viii, &c.'

We have not feen the original, but many paffages in the tranflation, before us, appear obfcure, particularly the fecond we have quoted.

ANALYTICAL REVIEW,

FOR JULY, 1798.

A

RETROSPECT OF THE ACTIVE WORLD:

OR,

A GENERAL REVIEW OF DISCOVERIES, INVENTIONS, 5 AND PRACTICAL CONTROVERSIES, AND CONTESTS.

THE prefervation of yeaft, having of late been a fubject of much research in this country, we fhall take notice, in this place, of the method of making yeaft on the coaft of Perfia*. It is prepared thus: take a fmall tea-cup, or wine-glas full of fplit or bruifed peas, pour on it a pint of boiling water, and fet the whole in a veffel all night on the hearth, or any other warm place; the water will have a froth on it's top the next morning, which will be good yeaft. Mr. Eton, when in Perfia, had his bread made with this yeast, and in the english manner, of good wheat flower. In our cold climate, Mr. E. "obferves, especially in a cold feaion, it fhould ftand longer to ferment, perhaps twenty-four or forty-eight hours. Of all the methods "of making yeaft hitherto known, this is by far the moft fimple and commodious. The arabians and the turks have a preparation of milk, called by the latter, yacurt, by the former, leban. To make Fit, they put to new milk made hot over the fire, fome old leban, or yaourt. In a few hours, more or lefs, according to the temperature of the air, it becomes curdled, of an uniform confiftence, and a very pleafant acid. The cream is, in a great measure, separated, leaving the curd light, and femi tranfparent. The milk, thus cu dled, has this fingular quality, that, left to ftand, it becomes daily, fourer, and at laft dries, without having entered into the putrid fermentation. In this ftate it is preferved in bags, and in appearance resembles prefied curds after they have been broken by the hand. This dry yaourt, mixed with water, becomes a fine cooling food or drink, of

*Juft published, by Mr. Eton, in his Survey of the Turkish Empire.

+ It may be proper to obferve, for the prevention of mistakes, that the curdled milk called yaourt, or leban, is not preffed.

excellep