21. (f) Some nouns ending in u change the u into i

in the inflexion, and into lu or llu in the plural. Thus:

22. (g.) Nouns ending in rru form the inflexion

inrti, and the plural in ∞ lu orrlu.

English. Nominative,

Thus :

Inflexion.

Plural.

23. Many of these words have a locative or instrumental case peculiar to themselves, which is formed by changing the final i of the inflexion into a. This case is employed either instead of, or in addition to, the use of the postpositions eve ló or tó when affixed to the inflexion. Thus:

24. Several of these words, all being of the pure

Dravi

dian stock, have the same plurals, and it is expedient that the student should have this fact pointed out to him, although he would soon discover it in practice. Thus:

25. In addressing others and calling the attention of any one to anything, the sign ó or óyi is used, and the final syllable of the nominative, singular or plural, is lengthened, and, in the plural, the syllable rá is added. Thus :

2,6 tammuḍá, O brother.

é, ó tanḍrí, O father.

2a, ó tanḍrulárá, O fathers.

(3.) POSTPOSITIONS.

26. According to the genius of the Telugu language, nouns can be utilized to almost any extent by the employment of suffixes or postpositions, which, as a general rule, are affixed to the inflexion. The principal postpositions are subjoined; but the limited space in a simplified grammar like the present does not permit of an exhaustive list being given.

2

27. Observations. or ki or ku, for. The former is affixed to inflexions ending in i, and the latter to those ending in any other vowel. Thus: & tandri, a father; és tanḍriki, to a father. anna, an elder brother; annaku, to an elder brother.

28. In the case of nouns ending in mu, న na is inserted, for the sake of euphony, between the mu and gurramu, a horse,

ku. Thus:

š gurramunaku, to a horse; or else the penultimate is lengthened, ni inserted and ki affixed. Thus:

to a horse.

3, gurrániki,

29. Some of these postpositions are doubled, or joined together, in natural combination, as is the case with the English prepositions, as, for example, into, with which org lóki, into, compounded of eve ló, in, and ki, to, ló and 5o nunchi, o

exactly corresponds. Thus : lónunchi, from within.

30. The postposition

yokka, of, is sometimes in

serted between the inflexion and the noun which governs it. Thus: talli préma, or éš

talliyokka

préma, a mother's love. The latter is seldom used.

31. Some postpositions are affixed to the objective case instead of to the inflexion. Thus: 80 gurinchi, concerning or about. 80 tandrini gurinchi, about the father.

C

!

(4.) PRONOUNS.

32. The pronouns in Telugu are (i) the Personal, (ii) the Demonstrative, (iii) the Reflective, (iv) the Interrogative, (v) and the Collective. There is no separate relative pronoun, the nature of the language requiring the English relative pronoun to be expressed by one of the participial forms of the verb.

(i.) PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

33. The personal pronouns are declined exactly like nouns. They have two numbers, and three cases, both in the singular and in the plural. The pronouns, like the nouns, can be utilized to any extent by the use of the postpositions affixed to the inflexion, or, in some instances, to the objective.

34. Very great care should be exercised in the use of the singular or the plural pronouns. The plural is always used in addressing an equal or a superior, the singular being either very disrespectful or very loving and familiar. The nice and careful distinction in the number can be obtained only by close intercourse with the people themselves; and, in conversation, it requires much tact and courteous discrimination to prevent unintentional offence. The honorific plural should always be used in writing to or speaking of those in authority, π gáru, a polite honorific affix, being always added to the name of the person spoken of or addressed.