80. The relative participles are frequently utilized as indicating subordinate actions in a sentence by the addition of adverbs, postpositions, and particles. Thus, adverbs such as taruváta and 335 venaka, after, and wo mundu, before, are often affixed to the past relative participle, as 35 é ataḍu vachchina taruváta, after he came. 81. In like manner other adverbs, such as ox andu, there, with the addition of postpositions, are often affixed to the participles. Thus: I aṭlú unnanduku, for its being so; అతడు అట్లా చేసినందుచేత atadu atli chesinanduchéta, as he has done so; vero అతడు అట్లా చేసేటందు చేత atlá chéséṭanduchéta, by his doing so. ataḍu 82. The past relative participle is often used with the addition of the pronominal fragment of the third person to represent 'what,' or 'the thing which.' Thus: 358 a náku kávalasinadi idénu, this is what I want. 83. The past relative participle is also employed with the help of certain adverbs, such as appuḍu, then, and appaṭiki, at that time, to signify the time of the performance of an action. Thus: 3 ataḍu vellinappuḍu, when he went; 55 j≈ nívu vachchinappuḍu, when you came; oo 30352322 yenta vetikinappaṭikinni, notwithstanding the search made. THE RELATIVE AORIST PARTICIPLE. 84. The relative aorist participle is used in a similar manner to the other relative participles; but, as its name indicates, the sense is more indefinite than either. Thus : koṭṭéváḍu means he who beats, has beaten, or will beat, and the exact sense will be ascertained from the context in which the participle occurs. 85. It is frequently used to express habit, or custom, or continuous action. Thus: XoX385358 Gangavaram ané úru, the village called Gangavaram, which is the name it is always known by. నీవు చేసేపనులు మంచివి కావు nivu chesé panulu manchivi kávu, the works you do are not good, that is, the deeds you are in the habit of doing. 86. Pronouns and pronominal fragments are often affixed to this participle, thus turning it into a kind of verbal noun, అతడు చెప్పేది వాస్తవము atadu cheppedi vástavamu, what he says is true. as, 87. Like the past relative participle, the aorist has often affixed to it adverbs or particles to signify the time of an action. Thus: 55 nívu vachchéṭappuḍu, when you come; Szájé¿3 nívu vachchéṭappaṭiki, by the time you come; 55 55585 nívu vachché varaku, until you come. In the first two examples, o ta is inserted by way of euphony between the final é of the participle, and the open a with which the affixes commence. THE NEGATIVE PARTICIPLES. 88. The negative participles are used in a very similar manner to the positive, only in just the opposite sense. The negative participle is formed by adding ≤ ka to the infinitive, as aṭlá chéyaka, without doing so; ∞∞ rúkalu léka, for want of money; es nidra tsúlaka, for want of sleep; 235 558 dóva naḍavaka unnadi, the road is impassable, literally, the road is without walking. Thus: 89. The negative participle is idiomatically used in what, at first sight, appears to be exactly the contrary sense to that which is intended. 05 zvoč ataḍu rúka mundu, before he came, literally, before his not coming; o ataḍu cheppaka mundara, before he spoke, literally, before his not speaking. 90. Care should be taken to distinguish between the positive past relative participle and the negative, as they seem, at first sight, to be spelt and pronounced almost alike. Thus: 02≈o pampinanduna, by sending, is formed by the addition of so anduna, to the past relative participle of o pampu, and Loo≈ pampananduna, by not sending, is formed by the addition of the same postposition to the negative relative participle. It will assist the student in distinguishing between the positive and the negative to remember that the idea of negation in Telugu is always expressed by the insertion of a between the root of a verb and the pronominal suffixes, a peculiarity which runs throughout the negative form of the verb. 91. The distinction between the positive and the negative relative participle is clearly brought out in the two phrases, 33555 nénu chésina pani, the work that I did, and nénu chéyani pani, the work that I did not do. THE INFINITIVE. 92. The infinitive is used directly, as in English, to signify the result of a certain action, and is governed by the verb which succeeds it, as, అతడు నన్ను కొట్ట వచ్చినాడు ataḍu nannu koṭṭa vachchináḍu, he came to strike me. 93. The particle gá, which is itself the infinitive of the verb aunu, to become, the ká being changed into gά, when affixed to the infinitive of a verb, denotes time, and is usually rendered 'as,' 'when,' or 'while.' Thus : నేను చెప్పగా నీవు వినలేదా nenu cheppaga nivu vinaledi, did you not hear when I spoke ? 94. It is frequently used with the infinitive of o unḍu, to be, which is added to the present or past participles to indicate the time when an action is being, or has been, performed. Thus : నేను వ్రాస్తూవుండగా తొందర పెట్టవద్దు nēnu vrástú undagá tondara peṭṭavaddu, do not trouble me while I am writing ; నీవు ఆ వూరికి వెళ్లి వుండగా వచ్చినాను nivu á árilcs velli undaga vachchinánu, I came when you had gone to that village. 95. When the emphatic affix é, with the insertion of n for the sake of euphony, is added to the gá, it is translated as soon as,' 'immediately,' 'directly,' the precise time of an action being indicated by it. Thus: Drx Jezus వెళ్లగానే అందరున్ను వెళ్లిపోయినారు miru velapatiki vellagine andarunnu vellipóynáru, they all left directly you went out. THE PRESENT TENSE. 96. The present tense of an, active verb expresses an action that is being done at the time of narration; and, when the present participle is used with an auxiliary verb, it signifies continuity of action. As, vrástáḍu, he writes; unnáḍu, he is writing. ataḍu o ataḍu vrástú 97. It has also a future, as well as a present, signification, as vastánu, I will come, veļlutánu, I will go. THE PAST TENSE. 98. But little need be said here regarding the past tense, as the sense of it is very much the same as in English. It is, however, sometimes used in a present sense, as, 272♫ vinnává, do you hear? 5 yémi annávu, what do you say? But, even in such sentences, a little careful observation will show that the sense is really |