quently added to tó with the purpose of making the sense of connexion stronger. Thus : అతణ్ని నాతోకూడా రమ్మను atanni nátókúḍá rammanu, tell him to come with me.

45. The postposition es ló is affixed to the inflexion of nouns to denote the English prepositions in, on, among. Thus : అతడు ఆ పట్నములో కాపురమున్నాడు atadu i patnamulö kúpuram unnáḍu, he lives in that town.

46. This postposition is often used in conjunction with other particles and postpositions to modify or alter the sense, but the meaning of 'in' always underlies it. Thus, the addition of o nunchi, from, gives the sense of 'from within,' 'out of;' as, vero Luj ataḍu patnamulónunchi vachchináḍu, he came out of the town.

47.

gú added to es ló means 'within,' as, o Beverenḍu nelalalógá, within two months.

48. e lopala also means 'within;' and, with an inflexion of its own er lópali, it means 'internal' or 'inward,' and this inflexion itself sometimes receives a postposition. Thus : లోపలికి అవుషధము యిచ్చినాడు lopalilci aushadhamu ichchinádu, he gave (him) medicine (to take internally).

49. The most frequent combination of eló, however, is with the postposition 3 ki, meaning, 'into,' as, 5 Xâ§

325 nénu gadilóki veļlinánu, I went into the room.

50. o andu is a postposition with very much the same meaning as es ló; but, perhaps, not so strictly signifying within.' Thus: 35ver vanamuló and 3550 vanamunandu, both mean 'in the forest;' So 225 Koníyandu nammika yunchinánu, I relied on you.

51. 3 na is affixed only to nouns ending in u, denoting inanimate things, and means in, on, or with, according to the context, as, cheṭṭuna, on a tree; 3553 vanamuna, in a forest; 5 cheppuna, with a slipper.

52. The postpositions 3 radda and 88 daggira, near, with the addition of ki, are used when motion towards. persons or things that do not admit of entrance, is intended. Both of them have an inflexion which is employed, when the additional postposition is affixed. Thus: 55

nivadda unnadá, have you got it? Literally, is it near or by you? 8 30 rázu vaddiki vellinánu, I went to the king.

53. Several pure Telugu words have a mode of forming an instrumental case peculiar to themselves. It would be an error to call this form irregular, because it is evidently one of the archaic methods of forming an instrumental ablative, prior to the importation of Sanskrit words into the language. Thus, from ex pallu, a tooth, the instrumental form o panța, is derived, as woo panța

gorikenu, he bit it with his tooth; from

∞ nóru, a mouth,

atani nóța vințini,

s nóta is derived, as 5 w D。 I heard from his own lips, or, at his mouth; from péru, a name, comes pérața, or 28 péra, as 55200 250 Lu Javora atani pérața uttaramu vráyinchináḍu, he wrote a letter to him, or in his name.

54. Many words, some of which are also used as adverbs, are affixed to nouns in a manner very similar to postpositions, such as, prakáramu, according to, ex or e, lágu or lúguna, like, as, 8 rítigá, as. Thus :

5 ágnyaprakáramu, according to orders; ఈలాగున í láguna, in this manner. Such words are often used after the relative participles of verbs. Thus nénu vachchina taruváta, after I have come.

VERBS.

వచ్చిన తరువాత

55. The arrangement of sentences in Telugu, as in other Oriental languages, is the converse of that employed in the languages of Europe, and at first sight appears to be singularly inverted. The several clauses, however, run smoothly into each other, and are remarkably harmonious. Few conjunctions occur, and their place is supplied by a free use of participles and verbal nouns.

56. The verb is always placed last in a sentence, and the preceding clauses work up to it; permitting the meaning to culminate in the last word. Sometimes several participial clauses precede the final verb, which, in English,

would be rendered by clauses beginning with conjunctions. Thus: 3 ataḍu léchi veļlináḍu, he arose and went, literally, he, having arisen, went. The number of such participial clauses may be very considerable; but they all form a connected sentence, one gliding into another, until the sense is rounded off and completed in the final verb, on which the attention rests. The following sentence is given as an example :- ఒకనాడు మబ్బు గాలివాన పట్టి వాడ పగిలి చెక్కలు ఒడ్డుకు కొట్టుకొని వచ్చినవి oka nidu mabbu gálivána paṭṭi, váḍa pagili, chekkalu odḍuku kottukoni, vachchinavi, one day a storm arose, the ship was wrecked, and the pieces dashed upon the shore.

57. Addresses and quotations are always put in the most direct form, the indirect form or oratio obliqua, so common in European languages, being never employed by Orien tals. This adds vividness and picturesqueness to the narration. The speech or quotation, just as it was spoken or supposed to have been spoken, is generally placed at the beginning of the sentence, which is concluded by one of the following phrases—అని చెప్పెను, అనెను, or అని అ నెను ani cheppenu, anenu, or ani anenu, all meaning, 'having said, he spoke,' or 75 ani aḍigenu, he asked saying, or some similar phrase. Thus: 5 DISEID & nívu yevvaḍavani aḍigináru, they asked him who he was, literally, they asked him, saying, who are you?

58. Sometimes, however, and especially when the speech to be narrated is long, it is preceded by a phrase corres

phrase, placed at the end of the quotation or speech.

VERBAL NOUNS.

59. The use of verbal nouns, both as nouns and as a substitute for the direct tenses of the verb, is very frequent in Telugu. They are of three kinds, all having very much the same signification, namely, those ending in Zú ḍamu, è ta, and 58 édi. The two former are subject to the same inflexions and variations as nouns of the class to which they correspond; and the third as the neuter pronoun eð adi. All take the usual postpositions. Thus: cheppadamu, saying, corresponds with nouns ending in mu, being cheppadamu in the inflexion, and

cheppaḍamunu in the objective, and receiving postpositions, as చెప్పడమునకు, చెప్పడము చేత, cheppadamunaku, cheppaḍamuchéta, &c.

60. a; and

cheppuța corresponds with nouns ending in cheppédi, with the third neuter personal pronoun, becoming cheppédúni, in the inflexion. The past relative participle with the pronominal fragment a di affixed, can be manipulated in the same manner, namely, cheppinadi, 2 cheppinadáni.