both banks of the Satlej from Ajudhan to Uchh from time immemorial. I think therefore that the Abastani, whom Perdikkas subdued have a strong claim to be identified with the Johiya Rajputs. The country about Multan is still called Johiya-bár or Yaudheya-wára.

The Johiyas are divided into three tribes, named Langavira or Lakvira, Mádhovira or Mádhera, and Adamvira or Admera. The Sambrace would appear to have been divided into three clans, as being a free people without kings they chose three generals to lead them against the Greeks. Now Johiya is an abbreviation of Jodhiya, which is the Sanskrit Yaudheya, and there are coins of this clan of as early a date as the first century of the Christian era, which show that the Yaudheyas were even then divided into three tribes. These coins are of three classes, of which the first bears the simple inscription Jaya-Yaudheya-ganasya, that is (money) "of the victorious Yaudheya tribe. The second class has dwi at the end of the legend, and the third has tri, which I take to be contractions for dwitiyasya and tritiyasya, or second and third, as the money of the second and third tribes of the Yaudheyas. As the coins are found to the west of the Satlej, in Depalpur, Satgarha, Ajudhan, Kahror, and Multân, and to the eastward in Bhatner, Abhor, Sirsa, Hânsi, Pânipat, and Sonpat, it is almost certain that they belong to the Johiyas, who now occupy the line of the Satlej, and who were still to be found in Sirsa as late as the time of Akbar. The Yaudheyas are mentioned in the Allahabad inscription of Samudra Gupta, and at a still earlier date by Pânini in the Junagarh inscription of Rudra Dâma.* Now the great grammarian was

* Dr. Bhau Dâji in Bombay Journal,' vii. 120.

position in favour of my identification of the Sabagræ or Sambrace with the Johiyas of the present day.

WESTERN INDIA.

Western India, according to Hwen Thsang, was divided into three great states, named Sindh, Gurjjara, and Balabhi. The first comprised the whole valley of the Indus from the Panjab to the sea, including the Delta and the island of Kachh; the second comprised Western Rajputâna and the Indian Desert, and the third comprised the peninsula of Gujarât, with a small portion of the adjacent coast.

I. SINDH.

In the seventh century Sindh was divided into four principalities, which, for the sake of greater distinctness, I will describe by their geographical positions, as Upper Sindh, Middle Sindh, Lower Sindh, and Kachh.* The whole formed one kingdom under the Raja of Upper Sindh, who, at the time of Hwen Thsang's visit in A.D. 641, was a Siu-to-lo or Sudra. So also in the time of Chach, only a few years later, the minister Budhimân informs the king that the country had been formerly divided into four districts, each under its own ruler, who acknowledged the supremacy of Chach's predecessors.† At a still earlier date Sindh is said to have been divided into four principalities by Ayand, the son of Kafand, who reigned some time after Alexander the Great. These four principalities are named Zor, Askalandusa, Sámid, and

*See Map No. IX.

Postans in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1838, p. 93.

Rashid ud din, in Reinaud's 'Fragments Arabes,' p. 47.

the country of which Bikaner is now the capital was originally called Bágar-des, or the land of the Bagri, or "Warriors," whose leader was Bâgri Rao.* Bhați also means "warrior or soldier." We thus find three tribes at the present day, all calling themselves "warriors," who form a large proportion of the population in the countries to the east of the Satlej; namely, Johiyas or Yaudheyas along the river, Bágris in Bikaner, and Bhatis in Jesalmer. All three are of acknowledged Lunar descent; and if my suggested interpretation of Sambagri be correct, it is possible that the name might have been applied to these three clans, and not to the three tribes of the Yaudheyas. I think, however, that the Yaudheyas have a superior claim, both on account of their position along the banks of the Satlej, and of their undoubted antiquity. To them I would attribute the foundation of the town of Ajudhan, or Ayodhanam, the "battle-field," which is evidently connected with their own name of Yaudheya, or Ajud hiya, the "warriors." The latter form of the name is most probably preserved in the Ossadii of Arrian, a free people, who tendered their allegiance to Alexander at the confluence of the Panjâb rivers. The Ossadii of Arrian would therefore correspond with the Sambaste of Diodorus and the Sambrace of Curtius, who made their submission to Alexander at the same place. Now Ossadioi or Assodioi is as close a rendering of Ajudhiya as could be made in Greek characters. We have thus a double correspondence both of name and

This information I obtained at the famous fortress of Bhatner in the Bikaner territory. The name is certainly as old as the time of Jahângîr, as Chaplain Terry describes Bikaneer' as the chief city of 'Bakar.' See 'A Voyage to East India,' p. 86.

Lohána, all of which will be discussed presently, as they would appear to correspond with the divisions noted by Hwen Thsang.

Upper Sindh.

The single principality of Upper Sindh, which is now generally known as Siro, that is the "Head or Upper" division, is described as being 7000 li, or 1167 miles, in circuit, which is too great, unless, as is very probable, it comprised the whole of Kachh Gandâva on the west. This was, no doubt, always the case under a strong government, which that of Chach's predecessor is known to have been. Under this view Upper Sindh would have comprised the present districts of Kachh-Gandâva, Kâhan, Shikârpur, and Larkâna to the west of the Indus, and to the east those of Sabzalkot and Khairpur. The lengths of the frontier lines would, therefore, have been as follows:on the north 340 miles; on the west 250 miles; on the east 280 miles, and on the south 260 miles; or altogether 1030 miles, which is a very near approximation to the estimate of Hwen Thsang.

In the seventh century the capital of the province was named Pi-chen-po-pu-lo, which M. Julien transcribes as Vichava-pura. M. Vivien de St. Martin, however, suggests that it may be the Sanskrit Vichálapura, or city of "Middle Sindh," which is called Vicholo by the people. But the Sindhi and Panjâbi Vich and the Hindi Bích, or "middle," are not derived from the Sanskrit, which has a radical word of its own, Madhya, to express the same thing. If Hwen Thsang had used the vernacular terms, his name might have been rendered exactly by the Hindi Bichwá-pur, or