one of the well-known names of the Himalaya mountains, which the Greeks have preserved under the two different forms of Emódos and Imäus.

Champa, or Chamba.

Chamba is a large district, which includes the valleys of all the sources of the Râvi, and a portion of the upper valley of the Chenâb, between Lâhul and Kâshtwâr. It is not mentioned by Hwen Thsang, and was, therefore, probably included by him within the limits of Kashmir. The ancient capital was Varmmapura, or Barmâwar, on the Budhil river, where many fine temples, and a brazen bull, of life size, still exist to attest the wealth and piety of its early rulers. According to the inscriptions these works belong to the ninth and tenth centuries. The country is frequently mentioned in the native chronicle of Kashmir, under the name of Champa, and each notice is confirmed by the local genealogies. Between A.D. 1028 and 1031 the district was invaded by Ananta of Kashmir,* when the native Raja, named Sala, was defeated and put to death. His son founded a new capital, Champapura, called after the goddess Champávati Devi; which, under the name of Chamba, is still the chief place in the district. The Rajas of Kashmir afterwards intermarried with the Chamba family;† and during the troubles that followed the Muhammadan invasions this petty state became independent, and remained so until reduced by Gulâb Singh, early in the present century.

* Briggs's Ferishta,' i. 283. The Gakars inhabited the banks of the Nilâb (or Indus) up to the foot of the mountains of Siwâlik.

'Raja Tarangini,' vii. 218. + Ibid., vii. 589, 1520; viii. 1092.

Kullu.

The kingdom of Kiu-lu-to is placed by Hwen Thsang at 700 li, or 117 miles, to the north-east of Jalandhar,* which corresponds exactly with the position of the district of Kullu, in the upper valley of the Byâs river. The Vishnu Purânat mentions a people called Ulúta, or Kulúta, who are most probably the same as the Kaulutas of the 'Râmâyana' and the 'Brihat Sanhitâ.'‡ As this form of the word agrees precisely with the Chinese Kiuluto, I conclude that the modern Kullu must be only an abbreviation of the ancient name. The district is stated to be 3000 li, or 500 miles, in circuit, and entirely surrounded by mountains. The size is very much exaggerated for the present restricted limits of Kullu; but as the ancient kingdom is said by the people themselves to have included Mandi and Sukhet on the west, and a large tract of territory to the south of the Satlej, it is probable that the frontier measurement of 500 miles may be very near the truth if taken in road distance.

The present capital of the valley is Sultânpur; but the old capital of Makarsa is still called Nagar, or the city, by which name it is most generally known. Hwen Thsang states that gold, silver, and copper are all found in the district, which is only partially true, as the amount of gold to be obtained by washing is very small, and the silver and copper mines have long been abandoned.

To the north-east of Kullu Hwen Thsang places the district of Lo-hu-lo, which is clearly the Lho-yal of

* Julien's Hiouen Thsang,' ii. 203.

+ Wilson's 'Vishnu Purâna,' edited by Hall, ii. 3, vol. ii. p. 174. Kern's Brihat Sanhita,' xiv. 29.

the Tibetans, and the Lahul of the people of Kullu and other neighbouring states. Still further to the north he places the district of Mo-lo-so, which, from his position, must certainly be Ladâk. I would, therefore, alter the Chinese name to Mo-lo-po, which is an exact transcript of Mar-po, the actual name of the province of Ladâk, as Mar-po-yul, or the "Red district," in allusion to the general appearance of its soil and mountains. The Chinese syllables so and po are so much alike that they are frequently interchanged, as in the well-known name of Salatura, the birth-place of Pânini, which is given in the original Chinese of Hwen Thsang's travels as Po-lo-tu-lo, or Palatura.

Mandi and Sukhet.

The petty chiefships of Mandi and Sukhet were originally a single state, bounded by Kângra on the west and Kullu on the east, and by the Dhaoladhâr mountains on the north and the Satlej on the south. Mandi means the "market;" and its favourable position on the Biâs river, at the junction of the two roads from the west and south, must have ensured its early occupation, which was rendered prosperous and lasting by the existence of valuable mines of iron and black salt in its immediate vicinity.

Núrpúr, or Pathániya.

The town of Nûrpûr derives its name from the celebrated Nûr Jahân, the wife of the emperor Jahânjîr. Its original name was Dahmari, or Dahmála; or as Abul Fazl writes, Dahmahri, although he mentions no fort. The people pronounce the name as if written Dahmeri. In the 'Târikh-i-Alfi' it is called Damál, an dis described as "situated on the summit of a high hill,

on the borders of Hindustan." The fort was taken after a long siege by Ibrahim Ghaznavi. The name of the district is Pathawat, and the old capital in the plains was called Pathián, or Pathiánkot, which is now slightly altered to Pathankot. But the name is derived from the Pathân tribe of Hindu Rajpûts, and not from the well-known Muhammadan Pathâns, or Afghâns. The Raja was imprisoned in 1815 by Ranjit Singh, who took possession of his country.

The petty chief of Kotila, to the east of Nûrpûr, who was a scion of the Pathâniya family, was seized about the same time, and his estate incorporated with the Sikh dominions.

Kotlehar is a petty state in the Jaswâl Dûn, to the south-east of Jwâla-Mukhi. It was generally a dependency of Kangra.

Satadru.

The district of She-to-tu-lo, or Satadru, is described by the Chinese pilgrim* as 2000 li, or 333 miles in circuit, with a large river forming its western boundary. The capital is placed at 700 li, or 117 miles, to the south of Kullu, and 800 li, or 133 miles, to the north-east of Bairât. But there is a mistake in one of these numbers, as the distance between the capital of Kullu and Bairât is 336 miles, measured direct on the map, or not less than 360 miles, by road. There is a deficiency, therefore, in one of the distances of about 110 miles, or nearly 700 li, in a direct line between the two places, or of about 150 miles, or nearly 1000 li, in the detour, as shown by his bearings. Now it is remarkable that there is a deficiency

* Julien's Hiouen Thsang,' ii. 205.

of about the same amount in the return journey along a parallel line of road, from Mathura to Thanesar, which the pilgrim makes only 500 li, or 83 miles,* instead of 1200 li, or 200 miles, the actual distance being 199 miles. As it would seem that both routes, for some unknown reason, had been subjected to the same amount of curtailment, it is probable that the deficiency in the western line will lie in the southern portion between Satadru and Bairât, which is contiguous to the parallel line between Mathura and Thanesar. I would, therefore, increase the distance between the two former places by 150 miles, or in round numbers 1000 li, which would make the total distance 283 miles, or nearly 1800 li, instead of 800 li. Taking this corrected distance from Bairât, and the recorded distance of 117 miles south from Kullu, the position of Satadru will correspond almost exactly with the large city of Sarhind, which both history and tradition affirm to be the oldest place in this part of the country.

The present ruins of Sarhind consist almost entirely of Muhammadan buildings of a late period; but it must have been a place of some consequence in the time of the Hindus, as it was besieged and captured by Muhammad Ghorí, the first Mussulman king of Delhi. The name of Sarhind, or "frontier of Hind" is popularly said to have been given to the city at an earlier period, when it was the boundary town between the Hindus and the later Muhammadan kingdom of Ghazni and Lahor. But the name is probably

6

Julien's Hiouen Thsang,' i. 104, and ii. 211.

+ Dowson's edition of Sir H. Elliot's 'Muhammadan Historians of India,' ii. 295.

L