much territory, and in adding greatly to the wealth of the empire; but his policy inspired distrust, and this, with his unrelenting persecutions of the Hindoos, so weakened the government which the wisdom of his ancestors had built up that his reign is universally accepted as the beginning of the end of the great Mogul Empire. One of Dryden's best-known dramas, "once rapturously applauded by crowded theatres, and known by heart to fine gentlemen and fine ladies," bears Aurungzebe's name, and is based upon his career. A brief paragraph about it may be found in Macaulay's Essay on Dryden. The Lalla Rookh of Moore's poem is the daughter of Aurungzebe. Upon the death of Aurungzebe, each of his four sons sought to ascend the throne. Bahadur Shah was the successful aspirant, but he ruled only five years, dying in 1712. He, in turn, was succeeded by his son, Jehundar Shah; and so the list might be extended even down to the great Sepoy Mutiny of 1857, but as Macaulay has pointed out in the essay (see p. 16), real power had departed from the sceptre of the Moguls, and the list of the Mogul rulers after Aurungzebe would be little more than a bare list of names without special significance. For this there were three chief causes: weakness within the empire, the growing power and aggressiveness of certain Asiatic neighbors, chiefly the Mahrattas, and the increase of European influence, chiefly that of the English and the French. Perhaps these several factors will now be sufficiently indicated in the text of the essay. BIBLIOGRAPHY Adams, Chas.: Life Sketches of Macaulay. Arnold, M.: Mixed Essays. Bagehot: Estimate of Some Englishmen and Scotchmen. Gladstone: Gleanings of Past Years. Jebb: Lecture on Macaulay. Jones, C. H.: Life of Lord Macaulay. Morison: Macaulay (English Men of Letters Series). Morley English Literature in the Reign of Victoria, Ch. VII. Stephen Hours in a Library, Third Series. Taine English Literature, Bk. V, Ch. III. Trevelyan: Life and Letters of Macaulay. Whipple Essays and Reviews. (2) India and Clive Adams, W. H. Davenport: England at War. Andrew India and her Neighbors. Barr: Journal in India. Beveridge History of India. Bisset: Short History of the English Parliament, Ch. X. Chevrillon: In India. Conder India before the Sepoy Mutiny. Heber (Bishop): Voyage to India. Hield: The Land of Temples. Hunter: Brief History of the Indian Peoples. Hurst (Bishop): Indika. Knox: The Boy Travellers in the Far East. Lane-Poole History of the Mughal Emperors of Hindustan. Lyall: Rise of the British Dominion in India. MacFarlane: History of British India. 66 History of the French in India. Life of Clive. 66 Life of Dupleix. Martineau British Rule in India. Mill History of India (Revised by Wilson). Murray British India. Taylor: History of India. Ward: India and the Hindoos. Whitaker's Almanack, 1898, pp. 441-469. Wilson: Life of Clive. LITERARY HISTORY OF MACAULAY'S AGE INTRODUCTORY. The closing years of the eighteenth century and the opening years of the nineteenth were marked by a literary activity of a degree unknown since the days of Elizabeth, a literary activity that has grown down to the present time and is still growing. It was, however, a literary activity of a somewhat different kind from any that had preceded it. The Elizabethan writers sought chiefly to do one of two things: either merely to represent man approximately as he is, but, as a rule, disentangled from his surroundings and relationships, or to idealize him, and paint him as fancy would have him. Writers of the first group, like Marlowe, Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, Beaumont and Fletcher, have left us many a picture of man and of woman very true to life, with, perhaps, their individuality drawn in somewhat distinct lines, but yet very man and very woman. Those of the second group, like Spenser, Sidney, Lodge, and Greene, casting aside, in great measure, the actualities of life, have left us fancy pictures of knights and ladies, of shepherds and shepherdesses, of disguises and transformations, such as a real world, perhaps, never saw. One great characteristic of the age was its lack of tendency to criticism. Playwright, poet, romancist, wrote to amuse; and it was chiefly for amusement that the masses of the people sought the theatre, and that the comparatively few who had the means to buy a book, and the ability to read it, sought a quiet corner to dream day-dreams over Spenser's Faerie Queene or Shepherd's Calendar, Sidney's Arcadia, Lodge's Rosalind, or Greene's Philomela. Writer, theatre-goer, and reader alike troubled themselves not at all about the Why or the How; and it is one of the chief glories of the principal Elizabethan dramatists that, writing in a comparatively uncritical age, they produced plays that have so well stood the fire of the developed criticism of later days. It may be said that literature, taken as a mass, is the product of man developed along intellectual and spiritual lines; and that true literature is that only which appeals to man developed along those lines. These two factors of the world's life, the intellectual and the spiritual, had developed steadily up to two or three decades before the opening of the nineteenth century, when they had reached a very high point. Schools were multiplying, and education was becoming a common accomplishment. Newspapers were increasing in number and importance, broadening the intelligence of the people at large; and the cream of foreign literature and thought reached England more easily than before, adding its refining and stimulating influence. A continually increasing number of men were pushing their inquiries into hitherto unexplored regions of investigation, into new departments of material science, into matters pertaining to human government, to man's relation to inanimate nature, to brute creation, to his fellow-man, and to his God. While the world was becoming more and more inquisitive, continually asking Why and How, and asking these questions about every |