violent. The common people are unrestrained in their ways, and know neither wrong nor right. They do not care about learning, and give themselves only to the worship of spirits. Tew of them believe in the religion of Buddha. There are three saUghdramas and some tens of priests. They follow the teaching of the Mahasanghika (Ta-chong-pu) school. There is one st4pa built by Asokaraja.

Going north-west from this we enter a valley, skirt along a mountain pass, traverse several little towns, and after going about 400 li we arrive at K'woh-si-to.

K'woh-si-to (khost).15

This also is the old land of the Tu-ho-lo country. It is about 3000 li in circuit; the capital is about 10 li round. It has no chief ruler, but is dependent on the Turks. It is mountainous, with many contracted valleys; hence it is subject to icy-cold winds. It produces much grain, and it abounds with flowers and fruits. The disposition of the men is fierce and violent; they live without laws. There are three sa'Agli&r&mas, with very few priests.

Going from this north-west, skirting the mountains and crossing the valleys, and passing by several towns, after about 300 li we come to the country called Hwoh.

Hwoh (kunduz).16

This country is also the old land of the Tuh-ho-lo country. It is about 3000 li in circuit; the chief town is about 10 li. There is no chief ruler, but the country depends on the Turks. The land is level and plain. It is regularly cultivated, and produces cereals. in abundance. Trees and shrubs grow plentifully, and flowers and fruits (of various hinds) are wonderfully abundant. The climate is soft and agreeable; the manners of the people simple

and honest. The men are naturally quick and impulsive; they clothe themselves with woollen garments. Many believe in the three precious objects (of worship), and a few pay their adoration to the spirits. There are ten sanghdrdmas with several hundred followers (priests). They study both the Great and the Little Vehicle, and practise the discipline of both.. The king is of the Turkish clan; he governs all the little kingdoms to the south of the Iron Gates.17 He constantly shifts his dwelling, like a bird (his bird-dwelling), not constantly occupying this town.

Going east from this, we enter the T'sung-ling mountains.18 These mountains aTe situated in the middle of Jambuduvipa. On the south they border on the great snowy mountains; on the north they reach to the hot sea (Lake Temurtu), and to the "Thousand Springs;" on the west they extend to the kingdom of Hwoh; on the east to the kingdom of XJ-cha (Och). From east to west and from north to south they run equally for several thousand li, and abound in many hundreds of steep peaks and dark valleys. ■ The mountain heights are rendered dangerous by the "laciers and frozen snow. The cold winds blow with fury. As the land produces a great quantity of onions therefore it is called T'sung-ling; or because the crags of these mountains have a greenish-blue tint, hence also the name.

Going east 100 li or so, we come to the kingdom of Mung-kin.

. MUNG-KIN (MUNJAN).

This country19 is an old territory of the Tu-ho-li country. It is about 400 li in circuit. The chief city is about 15 or 16 li round. The soil and manners of the people resemble to a great extent the Hwoh country. There is no chief ruler, but they depend on the Turks. Going north we come to the country of 'O-li-ni.

17 For the "iron gates" see Book see Book i., n. 77.

i., 11. 119. 19 For Mung-kin see Book i., n.

18 For the T'sung-ling Mountains 144.

O-LI-NI (AHRENG).

This country20 is an old territory of Tu-ho-lo. It borders both sides of the river Oxus.21 It is about 300 li in circuit; the chief city is 14 or 15 li round. In character of its soil and manners of the people it greatly resembles the Hwoh country.

Going east, we come to Ho-lo-hu.22

Ho-lo-hu (bagh).

This country23 is an old territory of Tu-ho-lo. On the north it borders on the Oxus (Fo-ts'u, Vakshu). It is about 200 li in circuit. The chief town is about 14 or 15 li round. The products of the soil and the manners of the people greatly resemble the Hwoh country.

Going eastward from the Mung-kin country, skirting along high mountain passes, and penetrating deep valleys, and passing in succession various districts and towns, after a journey of 300 li or so we arrive at the country of Kili-si-mo.

Ki-li-si-mo (khrishma or KlSHM).

This country u is an old territory of Tu-ho-lo. From east to west it is 1000 li or so; from north to south it is 300 li. The capital is 15 or 16 li round. The soil and the manners of the people are just like those of Mungkin, except that these men are naturally hot-tempered and violent.

Going north-east we come to the kingdom of Po-li-ho (Bolor).

Po-li-ho (bolor). This country26 is an old territory of Tu-ho-lo From

20 For this country see Book i., n. Roshan (V. St. Martin, p. 421). 143. 23 See Book i., n. 142.

21 The Po-t'su (Vakshu). 24 See Book i., n. 141.

22 The Japanese gives Ka-ra-ko, 25 See Book i., n. 140. After Julien it represents Boh or

VOL. II. T

east to west it is about 100 li, and from north to south about 300 li. The chief town is some 20 li or so in circuit. The produce of the soil and the manners of the people are like those of Ki-li-si-mo.

Going east from Ki-li-si-mo, after traversing mountains and crossing valleys for about 300 li, we come to the country of Hi-mo-ta-lo.

Hl-MO-TA-LO (HlMATALA).

This country26 is an old territory of the country of Tulio-lo. It is about 300 li in circuit. It is cut up by mountains and valleys. The soil is rich and fertile, and fit for cereals. It produces much winter wheat. Every kind of plant flourishes, and fruits of all sorts grow in abundance. The climate is cold; the disposition of the men violent and hasty. They do not distinguish between wrong and right. Their appearance is vulgar and ignoble. In respect of their modes of behaviour and forms of etiquette, their clothes of wool, and skin, and felt, they are like the Turks. Their wives wear upon their headdress a wooden horn about three feet or so in length. It has two branches (a double branch) in front, which signify father and mother of the husband. The upper horn denotes the father, the lower one the mother. Whichever of these two dies first, they remove one horn, but when both are dead, they give up this style of headdress.

The first king of this country was a Sakya,27 fearless and bold. To the west of the T'sung-ling mountains most of the people were subdued to his power. The frontiers were close to the Turks, and so they adopted their low customs, and suffering from their attacks they protected their frontier. And thus the people of this kingdom were dispersed into different districts, and had many tens of fortified cities, over each of which a separate chief was

See B«ok i., n. 139. history of the champions who were

Referring, as I suppose, to the banished from Kapilavastu.

placed. The people live in tents made of felt, and lead the life of nomads.

On the west side this kingdom touches the country of Ki-li-si-mo. Going from this 200 odd li, we arrive at the country of Po-to-chang-na (Badaksh&n).

Po-TO-CHANG-NA (badakshan).

This kingdom28 is an old territory of the Tu-ho-lo country; it is about 2000 li in circuit, and the capital, which is placed on the side of a mountain precipice, is some 6 or 7 li in circuit. It is intersected with mountains and valleys, a vast expanse, of sand and stone stretches over it; the soil is fit for the growth of beans and wheat; it produces an abundance of grapes, the khamil peach, and plums, &c. The climate is very cold. The men are naturally fierce and hasty; their customs are ill-regulated; they have no knowledge of letters or the arts; their appearance is low and ignoble; they wear mostly garments of wool. There are three or four saiighar&mas, with very few followers. The king is of an honest and sincere disposition. He has a deep faith in the three precious objects of worship.

Going from this south-east, passing across mountains and valleys, after 200 li or so -we come to the country of In-po-kin (Yamgan).

In-po-kin. (yamgan).

This country29 is an old territory of the Tu-ho-lo country. It is about 1000 li or so in circuit. The capital is about 10 li round. There is a connected line of hills and valleys through the country, with narrow strips of arable land. With respect to the produce of the soil, the climate, and the character of the people, these differ little from the kingdom of Po-to-chang-na, only the character of the language differs slightly. The king's nature is