are several hundred Deva temples with very many sectaries of different sorts.

When Tathagata lived in the world, he often travelled through this country. Hence A£dka-raja raised monuments or built st4pas in all those places where Buddha rested. Scattered among these are spots where the three past Buddhas sat down, or walked, or preached the law. The present king is of the Kshattriya caste, as they all are. He is the nephew of Siladitya-raja of Malava, and son-in-law of the son of Siladitya, the present king of Kanyakubja. His name is Dhruvapata (T'u-lu-h'opo-tu).73 He is of a lively and hasty disposition, his wisdom and statecraft are shallow. Quite recently he has attached himself sincerely to faith in the three "precious ones." Yearly he summons a great assembly, and for seven days gives away most valuable gems, exquisite meats, and on the priests he bestows in charity the three garments and medicaments, or their equivalent in value, and precious articles made of rare and costly gems of the seven sorts. Having given these in charity, he redeems them at twice their price. He esteems virtue (or the virtuous) and honours the good; he reverences those who are noted for their wisdom.74 The great priests

tion of water, to the community of 94. The "eighteen schools" here

the reverend Sakya Bhikshus be- mentioned point to the Hinnyana

longing to the eighteen schools doctrine.

(nikdyd) who have come from vari- 73 Dr. Buhler argues that this

ous directions to the great convent king was the same as Siladitya VI.,

(Mahdvihdra) of Dudda." Ind. surnamed Dhrubhata, (which he

Ant., vol. iv. p. 175. This Dudda supposes to Btand for Dhruvabhata,

was the daughter of Dhruvasena "the constant warrior"), of whom

l's sister {lb., p. 106), and so a we have a grant dated "Sam. 447"

grand-daughter of Bhat&rka, the (Ind. Ant., vol. vii. p. 80). General

founder of the Valabhi dynasty. Cunningham adopts the'same view

In another copper-plate of Guhu- (A. S. lieports, vol. ix. pp. 16, 18);

sena, he makes a grant to "the but Burgess is disposed to regard

foreign monks belonging to the this king as the Dhruvasena II. of

eighteen .schools, and living in the a Valabhi grant dated "Sam. 310"

Abhyantarika vihara built by the [Arch. Sur. W. Ind., vol. ii. pp. 82,

venerable Mimma, and situated close ff.); and Oldenberg, as possibly

to the monastery of Bhatarka, pre- DhSrabhata, the cousin of Dhrn

sented to the Kajasthaniya Sura." vasena II. (Ind. Ant., vol. x. p.

hid. Ant., vol. v. p. 206; conf. 219),

Vassilief, l.e Boudilh., p. 63. Arch. 74 Or, he reverences religion and

Sar. W. Ind. Reports, vol. iii. p. makes much «i wihdcm.

who come from distant regions he particularly honours and respects.

Not far from the city is a great sanghdrdma which was built by the Arhat Achara ('O-ehe-lo);76 here the Bodhisattvas Gunamati and Sthiramati76 (Kien-hwui) fixed their residences during their travels and composed treatises which have gained a high renown.

From this going north-west 700 li or so, we come to 'O-nan-to-pu-lo (Anandapura).

'O-NAN-TO-PU-Lo (anandapura),

This country is about 2000 li in circuit, the capital about 20. The population is dense; the establishments rich. There is no chief ruler, but it is an appanage of M&lava.77 The produce, climate, and literature and laws are the same as those of M&lava. There are some ten sangharamas with less than 1000 priests; they study the Little Vehicle of the Sammatiya school. There are several tens of D§va temples, and sectaries of different kinds frequent them.

Going west from Valabhi 500 li or so, we come to the country of Su-la-ch'a (Surashtra).

Su-la-ch'a (surashtra).78 This country is 4000 li or so in circuit, the capital

75 This is confirmed by a grant vol. vi p. 9; Vassilief, p. 78; M. of DharasSna II. of Valabhi, in Muller's India, p. 305; B. Nanjio's which the Sanskrit name of the Cat. Budd, Trip., c 372). Gunafounder is given as Atharya (Ind. mati was also a disciple of VasuA nt, vol iv. p. 164 n.; vol. vi. p. 9). bandhu. He had a famous disciple, Julien has Achara; the Chinese Vasvimitra (Pho-shu-mi), who wrote translation so-King requires this a commentary on Vasubandhu's restoration. AbhidharmaMshai (Bunyin Nanjio's

76 Sthiramati Sthavira was one Cat. Bud. Trip., cc. 375, 377 ;.M. of the famous disciples of Vasu- Muller, India, pp. 305,309,310, 632; bandhu, the twenty-first patriarch, Burnouf, Introd., p. 505; Vassilief, who wrote commentaries on all p. 78).

the works of his master. He is 77 See Ind. Ant., vol. vii.; Ar.

named in a grant of Dharasgna I. as Sur. W. Ind., vol. ii. p. 83. the Acharyya Bhadanta Sthiramati, 78 Surashtra, or Suratha, or Sorath.

who founded the vihdra of Sri As this district is in the Gujarat

Bappap&da at Valabhi (Ind. Ant., peninsula, it is difficult to under

about 30 li. On the west the chief town borders on the Mahl river; the population is dense, and the various establishments {families) are rich. The country is dependent on Valabhi. The soil is impregnated with salt; flowers and fruit are rare. Although the climate is equable, yet there is no cessation of tempests. The manners of the people are careless and indifferent; their disposition light and frivolous. They do not love learning and are attached both to the true faith and also to heretical doctrine. There are some fifty sanghdrdmas in this kingdom, with about 3000 priests; they mostly belong to the Sthavira school of the Great Vehicle. There are a hundred or so Deva temples, occupied by sectaries of various sorts. As this country is on the western sea route, the men all derive their livelihood from the sea and engage in commerce and exchange of commodities.

Not far from the city is a mountain called Yuh-chen-to (Ujjanta),79 on the top of which is a sangh&rdma. The cells and galleries have mostly been excavated from the mountain-side. The mountain is covered with thick jungle and forest trees, whilst streams flow round its limits. Here saints and sages roam and rest, and Risbis endued with spiritual faculties congregate here and stay.

Going north from the country of Valabhi 1800 li or so, we come to the kingdom of Kiu-che-lo (Gurjjara).

KlU-CHE-LO (GUEJJAEA).

This country80 is 5000 li or so in circuit, the capital,

stand how its chief town "on the west" borders on the Mahi river; perhaps it should be " on the east." But this part of the pilgrim's narrative seems to be carelessly written. Perhaps, as Fergusson supposes, the original documents had been lost in crossing the Indus at Attok (see Book xii.), and the details supplied from memory or notes. For remarks on localities see V. de St. Martin, Memoire, p. 405 ; Cunningham, Anc. Geog., p. 325.

79 The old Prakrit name of Girnara, close to Junftgadh in Kathiawad ; the Sanskrit form is TJjjayanta [Mahdbh., iii. 8347 ff.) Lassen {Ind. Alt., vol. i. p. 686 n.) misplaces it at or near Ajanta. It is sacred to Neminatha, the twenty-second Jina, and Urjayata (Oolebrooke, Essays, vol. ii. p. 212 ; Arch. Sur. W. Ind. Rep., vol. ii. p. 129), and is also called Raivata.

80 Prof. R. G. Bhandarkar suggests that Kukura, a district menwhich is called Pi-lo-mo-lo,sl is 30 li or so round. The produce of the soil and the manners of the people resemble those of Surashtra. The population is dense.; the establishments are rich and well supplied with materials (wealth). They mostly are unbelievers; a few are attached to the law of Buddha. There is one mnghdrama, with about a hundred priests; they are attached to the teaching of the Little Vehicle and the school of the Sarv&stivadas. There are several tens of D§va temples, in which sectaries of various denominations dwell. The king is of the Kshattriya caste. He is just twenty years old; he is distinguished for wisdom, and he is courageous. He is a deep believer in the law of Buddha; and highly honours men of distinguished ability.

From this going south-east 2800 li or so, we come to the country of TJ-she-yen-na (TJjjayani).

U-SHE-YEN-NA (UjJAYANi).

This country82 is about 6000 li in circuit; the capital is some 30 li round. The produce and manners of the people are like those of the country of Surashtra. The population is dense and the establishments wealthy. There are several tens of convents, but they are mostly in ruins; some three or five are preserved. There are some 300 priests; they study the doctrines both of the Great and the Little Vehicle. There are several tens of Deva temples, occupied by sectaries of various kinds.

tioned in an inscription of Pu]u- Essays, vol. ii. p. 31 n.; Mdja

mayi at Nasik, and in the Rudra- tarang., v. 144 ff.

daman inscription at Girnara, might 81 Balmer in Rajputana (lat.

be Kiu-che-lo, but the Chinese syl- 25°48'N., long. 71° 16'B.) From

lables are against such an identifiea- this neighbourhood several of the

tion (Trans. Int. Cong. Orient, 1874, clans in Kathiawad say they origi

p. 312; Arch. Sur. W. Ind. Rep., nally came.

vol. iv. p. 109, and vol. ii. pp. 129, sa TJjjayani or Ujjayini is pro

131. Gurjara is certainly the proper perly the capital of Avanti in

representative, and-the district as Malava, the capital of Tiastanes

well as the language extended into (Chashtana), the 'OfifmjMjf Ptolemy

the southern parts of modern Raj- lib. yii. c. i. 63) and the PeiHpl. Mar.

putana and Malwa. See Lassen, jEryih. (c. xlviii.) Bohlen, Mte Ind.,

Ind. AH., vol. i p. 136; Colebrooke, vol. i. p. 94.

The king belongs to the Brahman caste. He is well versed in heretical books, and believes not in the true law.

Not far from the city is a stilpa; this is the place where As"6ka-raja made the hell {of punishment).

Going north-east from this 1000 li or so, we come to the kingdom of Chi-ki-to.

Chi-ki-to.

This country is about 4000 li in circuit; the capital is some 15 or 16 li round. The soil is celebrated for its fertility; it is regularly cultivated and yields abundant crops; it is specially adapted for beans and barley; it produces abundance of flowers and fruits. The climate is temperate; the people are naturally virtuous and docile; most of them believe in heretical doctrine, a few honour the law of Buddha. There are several tens of sanghdrdmas with few priests. There are about ten Deva temples, which . some thousand followers frequent. The king is of the Brahman caste. He firmly believes in the (three) precious ones; he honours and rewards those who are distinguished for virtue. Very many learned men from distant countries congregate in this place.

Going from here north 900 li or so, we come to the kingdom of Mo-hi-shi-fa-lo-pu-lo (Mahesvarapura).

MO-HI-SHI-IA-LO-PTJ-LO (MAHilgVAKAPURA).

This kingdom is about 3000 li in circuit; the capital city is some 30 li round. The produce of the soil and the manners of the people are like those of the kingdom of Ujjayani. They greatly esteem the heretics and do not reverence the law of Buddha. There are several tens of Deva temples, and the sectaries principally belong to the Pasupatas. The king is of the Brahman caste; he places but little faith in the doctrine of Buddha.

From this, going in a backward direction to the country of Kiu-che-lo (Gurjjara) and then proceeding northward