torious custom lias continued in practice without interruption till now.

To the north-west of the capital about 200 li, we come to the town of the Bralimans.63 By the side of it is a hollow ditch; into this the winter and summer streams flow continually, but though through decades of days the water runs into the hollow, yet it never seems to increase in quantity. By the side of it again is a little sHpa. The old traditions of the country say: Formerly a Brahman of an exceedingly haughty mind 64 fell alive into this pit and went down to hell. In old days there was a Brahman born in this town, who was acquainted with all things, and of learning beyond all the eminent men of his time. He had penetrated the secrets and dark sayings of books sacred and profane. He was acquainted with the calculations of astronomy as if they were in his hand; his fame was wide-spread and his behaviour without blemish. The king very highly esteemed him, and the people of the country made much of him. He had some iooo disciples, who appreciated his doctrine and respected his character. He constantly said of himself, "I am come into the world for the purpose of publishing abroad the holy doctrine and to guide the people. Among the former sages, or those who have arrived at wisdom after them, there is none to compare with me. Mahesvarad^va, Vctsudeva, Narayanadeva, Buddha-lokan&tha, men everywhere worship these, and publish abroad their doctrine, represent them in their effigies, and pay them worship and honour. But now I am greater than they in character, and my fame exceeds that of all living. Why should they then be so notorious, for they have done no wonderful thing."

R! This may be Brahmanapura; 267, 268. But the town named there is a city of the Brahmans in the text cannpt be near Harmanamed by Arrian (Exped. Alex., telia.

vi. 7) and by Diodorus, called by 64 Or it may be a proper name, him Harmatelia (vii. 465). See "the great-proud Brahman." also Cunningham, Anc. Geog., pp.

Accordingly, he made out of red sandal-wood figures of Mahe£yarad§va, Vasudesva, Narayanad^va, Buddhalokanatha, and placed them as feet to his chair, and wherever he went rule he took this chair with him, showing his pride and self-conceit.

Now at this time there was in Western India a Bhikshu, Bhadraruchi (Po-to-lo-liu-chi) by name; he had thoroughly exhausted the Httuvidya (&dstra) and deeply investigated the sense of different discourses (treatises).65 He was of excellent repute, and the perfume of his exceeding goodness (morality) spread in every direction. He had few desires and was contented with his lot, seeking nothing in the world. Hearing (of the Brdhman) he sighed and said, " Alas! how sad. This age (time) has no (one worthy to be called a) man; and so it permits that foolish master to dare to act as he does in defiance of virtue."

On this, he took his staff, and travelling afar, he came to this country. "Whilst dwelling therein his mind was made up and he acquainted the king with it. The king, seeing his dirty clothes, conceived no reverence for him; but, in consideration of his high purpose, he forced himself to give him honour (to treat him with respect), and so he arranged the chair of discussion and called the Brahman. The Brahman hearing it smiled and said, " What man is this who has dared to conceive such an idea (to cherish this determination)."

His disciples having come together, and many {hundred) thousands of listeners being arranged before and behind the discussion-arena to attend as hearers, then Bhadraruchi, with his ancient robes and tattered clothes, arranging some grass on the ground, sat down. Then the Brahman, sitting on his chair which he carried with him, began to revile the true law and to praise the teaching of the heretical schools.

The Bhikshu, with a clear distinction, like the running 65 Or, it may possibly be, "different systems." , of water, encircled his arguments in order. Then the Brahman after a while yielded, and confessed himself conquered.

The king replying said, "For a long time you have assumed a false reputation; you have deceived the sovereign and affected the multitude with delusion. Our old rescripts say,' He who is defeated in discussion ought to suffer death.'" Then he prepared to have a heated plate of iron to make him sit thereon; the Brahman thereupon, overpowered by fear, fell down to entreat pardon (deliverance).

Then Bhadraruchi, pitying the Brahman, came and requested the king, saying, "Maharaja! your virtue extends far and wide; the sound of your praises resounds through the public ways. Then let your goodness extend even to protect this man: give not way to a cruel design. Pass over his want of success and let him go his way." Then the king ordered him to be placed on an ass and to be proclaimed through all the towns and villages (as an impostor).

The Brahman, nettled by his defeat, was so affected that he vomited blood. The Bhikshu having heard of it, went to condole with him, and said, "Your learning embraces subjects religious and profane; your renown is spread through all parts; in questions of distinction, or the contrary, success or defeat must be borne; but after all, what is there of reality in fame?" The Brahman, filled with rage, roundly abused the Bhikshu, calumniated the system of the Great Vehicle, and treated with contumely the holy ones who had gone before; but the sound of his words had scarcely been lost before the earth opened and swallowed him up alive; and this is the origin of the traces still left in the ditch.

Going south-west we come to a bay of the sea,66 then

66 Literally, the passage runs, because it is sometimes used so ; it

"From this, south-west, we enter a probably refers to the gulf of Kachh.

sea-blending, or a confluence of two Hwui-lih does not mention this

seas." I have translated it " bay," gulf, but takes us away from the

going 2400 or 2500 li north-west we come to the kingdom of 'O-ch'a-li (Atali).

'o-ch'a-li (atali).67

This country is about 6000 li in circuit; the capital of the country is about 20 li or so in circnit. The population is dense; the quality of gems and precious substances stored up is very great; the produce of the land is sufficient for all purposes, yet commerce is their principal occupation. The soil is salt and sandy, the fruits and flowers are not plentiful. The country produces the hutsian tree. The leaves of this tree are like those of the Sz'chuen pepper (Shuh tsiau); it also produces the hiun-lu perfume tree, the leaf of which is like the thang-UP The climate is warm, windy, and dusty. The disposition of the people is cold and indifferent. They esteem riches and despise virtue. Kespecting their letters, language, and the manners and figures of the people, these are much the same as in the country of Malava. The greater part of the people have no faith in the virtue of religious merit; as to those who do believe, they worship principally the spirits of heaven, and their temples are some thousand in number, in which sectaries of different characters congregate.

Going north-west from the country of Malava, after passing over 300 li69 or so, we come to the country of K'ie-ch'a (Kachha).

"city of the Brahmans " the same 68 Can this be the Salai from distance as in the text to 'O-ch'a-li. which Kimdura, Gujarati Kindru 67 'O-ch'a-li appears to be far or SdlainodhUpa, Indian gum, olibanorthof Kachh. May it not have num, is obtained? This tree (BosbeenUchh orBahwalpur? There is wellia thurifera, serrata and glabra) a town called Atari in the neigh- is found in Oudh, Khandes, andKabourhood of Multan (Cunningham, thiawad. Guggula (bdellium), the Anc. Geog., p. 228); but it is diffi- gum resin of Balsamodenron roxcult to know what could have taken burgkii, pubescens, smdmukul, is also the pilgrim there. This place i3 produced in Kachh and Sindh. identified by Cunningham with the w In Hwui-lih, the distance is city of the Brahmans, taken by "three days'" journey. Alexander the Great (l. c.)

K'lE-CH'A (kachha).70

This country is 3000 li or so in circuit, the capital about 20 li. The population is dense. The establishments wealthy. There is no king (great ruler) amongst them; the country is an appanage of Malava, and the climate, products of the soil, and manners of the people are very similar in both countries. There are some ten sanghdrdmas, with about tooo priests, who study alike the Great and the Little Vehicle. There are also several tens of D&va temples with very many unbelievers (sectaries).

From this going north71 IOOO li or so, we come to Fa-la-pi (Valabhi).

Fa-la-pi (valabhi).

This country is 6000 li or so in circuit, the capital about 30. The character of the soil, the climate, and manners of the people are like those of the kingdom of Malava. The population is very dense; the establishments rich. There are some hundred houses {families) or so, who possess a hundred lakhs. The rare and valuable products of distant regions are here stored in great quantities. There are some hundred sanghdrdmas, with about 6000 priests. Most of them study the Little Vehicle,72 according to the Sammatlya school. There

70 The distance is to be reckoned from the kingdom or country of Malava, but the place is not named. General Cunningham proposes to read 1300 li from Dhar to Kheda; this last place is a large town of Gujarat, situated between Ahmadabad and Khambay, and would be in its Sanskrit form the same as Kheda, which again is the equivalent of the Chinese Kie-ch'a. But Kie-ch'a, although it might be correctly restored to Kheda, is the name of a country. The distance, also, being "three days," in Hwuilib, seems to confirm the 300 li in

the text. We must therefore retain the restoration of Kachha.

71 Although we should expect the direction to be south from Kachh, the reading is north, both in the text and in Hwui-lih; wherever the Valabhi of Hiuen Tsiang was situated, it is said to have been "the kingdom of the Northern Lara (Lo-lo) people." (Note in the Chinese text).

n In a copper-plate deed of GuhasSna of Valabhi, he says, "In order to obtain for my parents and for myself benefits in this life and the next, I have granted, by libar