submitted to him. He lias gathered troops from the five Indies, and summoned the best leaders from all countries, and himself gone at the head of his army to punish and subdue these people, but he has not yet conquered their ^troops.

So much for their habits. The men are fond of learning, and study both heretical and orthodox (books). There are about 100 sanghdrdmas, with 5000 or so priests. They practise both the Great and Small Vehicle. There are about 100 Deva temples, in which very many heretics of different persuasions dwell.

Within and without the capital are five stupas to mark the spots where the four past Buddhas walked and sat. They were built by Asoka-raja. There are, besides these, other sttipas made of brick or stone, so many that it would be difficult to name them all.

Not far to the south of the city is a sanghdrdma in which is a stone image of Kwan-tsz'-tsai Bodhisattva. Its spiritual powers extend (far and wide), so that many of those who have secretly prayed to it have obtained their wishes.

On the eastern frontier of the country is a great mountain with towering crags and a continuous stretch of piled-up rocks and scarped precipice. In this there is a sanghdrdma constructed, in a dark valley. Its lofty halls and deep side-aisles stretch through the (or open into the) face of the rocks. Storey above storey they are backed by the crag and face the valley (watercourse)^

This convent was built by the Arhat Aehara (O-chelo).46 This Arhat was a man of Western India. His

45 This must refer to the famous Chaitya cave, No. xxvi., at Ajanta, Bauddha rock-temples at Ajanta, we read that " The ascetic Sthavira in the Indhyadri range of hills, cut Achala, who glorified the faith and in the lofty and almost perpendicular was grateful, caused to be built a rocks that hem in a wild secluded mountain dwelling (sailagrilia) for glen. See Fergusson and Burgess, the Teacher, though his desires Cave Temples, pp. 280-347 > Arch, were fulfilled" {Arch. Sur. West Sur. West. Ind. Reports, vol. iv. pp. Jnd. Reports, vol. iv. p. 135). This 43-59. apparently decides the name of the

46 In the inscription on the Arhat mentioned here. But as the VOL II. 11

mother having died, he looked to see in what condition she was re-born. He saw that she had received a woman's body in this kingdom. The Arhat accordingly came here with a view to convert her, according to her capabilities of receiving the truth. Having entered a village to beg food, he came to the house where his mother had been born. A young girl came forth with food to give him. At this moment the milk came from her breasts and trickled down. Her friends having seen this considered it an unlucky sign, but the Arhat recounted the history of her birth. The girl thus attained the holy fruit (of Arhatship). The Arhat, moved with gratitude47 for her who had borne and cherished him, and remembering the end of such {good) works, from a desire to requite her, built this sanghdrama. The great vihdra of the convent is about 100 feet or so in height; in the middle is a stone figure of Buddha about 70 feet or so high. Above it is a stone canopy of seven stages, towering upwards apparently without suppoit. The space between each canopy48 is about three feet. According to the old report, this is held in its place by the force of the vow of the Arhat. They also say it is by the force of his miraculous powers; others say by the virtue of some magical compound; but no trustworthy account has yet explained the reason of the wonder. On the four sides of the vihdra, on the stone walls, are painted49 different scenes in the life of Tathagata's preparatory life as a Bodhisattva,: the

Chinese translation of the name is So king (he who does, or, the doer), we retain the equivalent Aehara.

47 Compare the words of the inscription given in the preceding note, "who glorified the faith and was grateful."

43 See the drawings of Cave xix. and of the dagaba in it, Buddhist Cave Temples (Arch. Sur. W. Ind. Rep., vol. iv., pi. xxx., xxxi. ; Cave Temples, pi. xxxvi., xxxvii. The measurements given "by report" are vastly exaggerated, as such

matters very often are in India. But possibly there may have been a structural building against the face of the rock, with a dagaba of larger dimensions, though by no means of the size indicated in the text. It is more probable, however, that the report is only an exaggerated account of the rock-cut chaityas. Hiuen Tsiang does not appear to have visited them personally.

49 In mosaic, "carved and inlaid" (teou low).

wondrous signs of good fortune which attended his acquirement of the holy fruit (of a Buddha), and the spiritual manifestations accompanying hisNirvdna. These scenes have been cut out with the greatest accuracy and fineness.60 On the outside of the gate of the sanghdrdma, on the north and south side, at the right hand and the left, there is a stone elephant.51 The common report says that sometimes these elephants utter a great cry and the earth shakes throughout. In old days Jina (or Channa) Bodhisattva62 often stopped in this saiighdrdma.

Going from this 1000 li or so to the west,53 and crossing the Nai-mo-to (Narmad&) river, we arrive at the kingdom of Po-lu-lde-che-po (Bharukachheva; Barygaza or Bharoch).64

Po-lu-kie-ch'e-p'o (bhaeukachha).

This kingdom is 2400 or 2500 li in circuit. Its capital is 20 li round. The soil is impregnated with salt. Trees and shrubs are scarce and scattered. They boil the seawater to get the salt, and their sole profit is from the sea. The climate is warm. The air is always agitated with gusts of wind. Their ways are cold and indifferent; the disposition of the people crooked and perverse. They do not cultivate study, and are wedded to error and true

60 This must refer to the famous 45) and Bhrfgukachcha (Bhdg. Pur.,

Ajanta frescoes, viii. 18, 21; As. Res., vol. ix. p.

51 This seems to refer to two 104; inscrip. in /. Amer. Or. Soc,

elephants in alto rilievo that were vol. vii. p. 33) or Bhrfgukshetra—

sculptured on the rock in front of from the locality being the tradi

Cave xv., but which are now scarcely tiunal residence of the sage Bhrigu

recognisable. See Fergusson and rtshi. The BMrgava Brahmans of

Burgess, Cave Temples, p. 306. Bhardch are the representatives of

62 Jour. R. As. Soc, vol. xs. p. 208. an early colony of the school of

53 Hwui-lih gives north-west. Bhrigu. BhSrukachha is represented

M. Julien has translated it north- by the Greek TSaptiyafa iinrbpiov of

east, by mistake ( Vie, &c, p. 203). Ptolemy (lib. vii. c. 1, 62) and of the

64 Bhar6ch appears in a Pali in- author of the Periplus Mar. Eryih.

scription at Junnar {Arch. Sur. West. (s. 42, &e.) ; Strabo (lib. xv. c. 1,

Ind. Rep., vol. iv. p. 96} under the 73) has 'Bapydafj. See Lassen, 7. A.,

form Bharukachha; in Sanskrit it vol. i. pp. 113, 136. It was from

is Bharukachchha (Brih. Samh., v. Bhar6ch the Sramana came who

40, xiv. 11, xvi. 6; Vassilief, p. burnt himself at Athens.

doctrine alike. There are some ten sangh&r&mas, with about 300 believers. They adhere to the Great Vehicle and the Sthavira school. There are also about ten D§va temples, in which sectaries of various kinds congregate.

Going from this65 north-west about 2000 li, we come to the country of Mo-la-po (Maiava).66

Mo-LA-P'O (MA.LAVA).

This country is about 6000 li in circuit. The capital is some 30 li round. It is defended (or supported) by the Mahi river on the south and east.67 The soil is rich and fertile, and produces abundant harvests. Shrubs and trees are numerous and flourishing. Flowers and fruit are met with in great quantities. The soil is suitable in an especial manner for winter wheat. They mostly eat biscuits and (or, made of) parched corn-flour. The disposition of the men is virtuous and docile, and they are in general of remarkable intelligence. Their language is elegant and clear, and their learning is wide and profound.

Two countries in India, on the borders, are remarkable for the great learning of the people, viz., Maiava on the south-west, and Magadha on the north-east. In this they esteem virtue and respect politeness (humanity). They are of an intelligent mind and exceedingly studious; nevertheless the men of this country are given to heretical

55 The geography of this part of the pilgrim's route is involved in obscurities. I can only therefore offer some remarks on the text. In Hwui-lih the symbol used is chi, not king, from which it might have been gathered that Hiuen Tsiang did not himself visit this country, or at least on this occasion. But in the text the symbol king is used, so that no weight can be given to this supposition.

56 If this country be Maiava, it lies north-east from Bharoch. But, on the other hand, it does not follow that the route was a direct one.

The pilgrim and his companions from Ceylon may have travelled east towards the head waters of the Mahi river, and then north-west. It is said in a note to be the same as the southern Lo-lo (Lara) country.

57 The symbol leu implies that the capital was "held by" (either defended or supported by) the Mahi river on the south-east, or on the south and east. This would seem to take us to the neighbourhood of Dongarpur (Eiphinstone's map). Cunningham considers Dharanagara to be intended, in which V. de St Martin agrees.

belief as well as the true faith, and so live together. There are about 100 sanghdrdmas in which, some 2000 priests dwell.63 They study the Little Vehicle, and belong to the Sammatiya school. There are 100 Desva temples of different kinds. The heretics are very numerous, but principally the Paiupatas (the cindercovering heretics).

The records of the country state: Sixty years before this 69 flourished Siladitya, a man of eminent wisdom and great learning; his skill in literature was profound. He cherished and protected the four kinds of creatures,60 and deeply respected the three treasures.61 From the time of his birth to his last hour, his face never crimsoned with anger, nor did his hands ever injure a living thing. His elephants and horses drank water that had been strained, after which he gave it them, lest any creature living in the water should be injured. Such were his love and humanity. During the fifty years and more of his reign, the wild beasts became familiar with men, and the people did not injure or slay them. By the side of his palace he built a vihdra. He exhausted the skill of the artists, and used every kind of ornament in decorating it. In it he put images of the seven Buddhas,62 Lords of the World. Every year he convoked an assembly called MSksha tnahdparishad, and summoned the priests of the four quarters. He offered them "the four things" in religious charity; he also gave them sets of three garments used in their religious services, and also bestowed on them the seven precious substances and jewels in wonderful variety. This meri

68 This can hardly refer to 59 See ante, book ii. note 91. Ujjain, therefore, because we are 60 Viviparous, oviparous, born told subsequently that the convents from spawn, or by transformation there were in ruins, and only about (fa) [water-insects, and so on]. 300 priests in them. It is curious, 61 Buddha, dharma, sangha. however, that the circuit of this 63 For the seven Buddhas concapital, thirty li (Julien has twenty suit Eitel, Handbook, s. v. Sapta li, by mistake), and that of Ujjain Buddha. are the same.