thousands of li, we arrive at the island of Narakira (Na-lo-ki-lo). The people of this island36 are small of stature, about three feet high; their bodies are those of men, but they have the beaks of birds; they grow no grain, but live only on cocoa-nuts.

Crossing the sea westward from thi3 island several thousands of li, on the eastern cliff of a solitary island is a stone figure of Buddha more than 100 feet high. It is sitting facing the east. In the head-ornament (ushnisha) is a stone called Yueli-ngai-chu (Chandrakanta). When the moon begins to wane, water immediately runs down from this in a stream along the sides of the mountain, and along the ravines of the precipices.37

At one time there was a band of merchants who were driven by the winds and waves during a storm, till they reached this solitary island. The sea-water being salt, they were unable to drink it, and were parched with thirst for a long time. But now on the fifteenth day, when the moon was full, from the head of the image water began to trickle forth, and they obtained deliverance. They all thought that a miracle had been wrought, and were affected with a profound faith; they

incomplete; the next (No. 176) dharma; "it consists of 3000 sloos,

dates from A.D. 513; the third and states that Eavana, lord of

from A.d. 700. The following Lanka, having gone to the Mala

- quotation from Osoma Korosi is yagiri mountain, there heard the

found in Spence Hardy's Manual history of the Buddhas from Sakya

of Buddhism, p. 356. "The second Sinha, and obtained Bcddhynana"

treatise or sutra in the fifth volume (ibid.) Lankfigiri, then, is probably

of the Mdo is entitled in Sans- the same as Mount Potaraka

krit Irya Lankdvatdra mahdydna spoken of at the end of the tenth

Siltra, a venerable sutra of high book.

principles (or speculation) on the 36 Perhaps the Maldive Islands;

visiting of Lanka. This was de- but see Yule, Marco Polo, ii. 249.

livered at the request of the lord N&rikera means cocea-nut.

of Lanka by ShiCkya, when he was 37 Julien translates, "when the

in the city of Lanaka on the top of moon is about to reflect its light

the Malaya mountain; on the sea- from this jewel (d'y reflichir so

shore, together with many priests lumUre) ; " but the literal rendering

and BSdhisattvas." It is stated by is, "when the moon is about to

Hodgson that the Lankdvatdra, is turn back its light," that is, "to

regarded in Nepal as the fourth wane."

determined then to delay on tlie island. Some days having elapsed, as soon as the moon began to be hidden behind the high steeps, the water did not flow out. Then the merchant-chief said, "It cannot have been specially on our account that the water ran down. I have heard that there is a pearl 'loved by the moon/ when the moon's rays shine full on it, then the water begins to flow from it. The gem on the top of the statue of Buddha must be one of this sort." Then having climbed the mountain to examine the case, they saw that it was a Chandrakanta pearl in the head-ornament of the figure. This is the origin of the story as it was told by those men.

Crossing the sea many thousand li to the west of this country, we come to a large island renowned for its precious stones (or Maharatnadvlpa); it is not inhabited, except by spirits. Seen from a distance on a calm night, a light seems to shine from mountains and valleys. Merchants going there are much surprised to find nothing can be procured.

Leaving the country of Ta-lo-pi-ch'a (Dravida) and travelling northwards,38 we enter a forest wild, in which are a succession of deserted towns, or rather little villages.39 Brigands, in concert together, wound and capture (or delay) travellers. After going 2000 li or so we come to Kong-kin-na-pu-lo (Konkanapura).40

KONG-KIN-NA-PTJ-LO (KOMKANAPUEA). This country is about 5000 li in circuit. The capital is

38 Both General Cunningham V. de St. Martin (Mimoire, p. 400),

and Mr. Fergusson give the direction who seems to adopt Hwui-lih's text

north-west. This is a mistake {Anc. as his guide.

Geog., p. 552; /. li. A. S., vi. 266); '33 The passage may also be trans

but Hwui-lih has north-west. He lated "passing through (or by) a

moreover says that the pilgrim re- deserted town and many little vil

turned to the north-west. If we lages."

adopt the reading north, then the *" Hwui-lih gives Kin-na-pu-lo,

route would be a return one. although in Julien we find ICong

The origin, as it seems, of the error kin-na-pu-lo. It may be an error in

in direction must be traced to M. the text. In the passage before us

3000 li or so round. The land is rich and fertile; it is regularly cultivated, and produces large crops. The climate is hot; the disposition of the people ardent and quick. Their complexion is black, and their manners fierce and uncultivated. They love learning, and esteem virtue and talent. There are about 100 sanghdrdmas, with some 10,000 priests (followers). They study both the Great and the Little Vehicle. They also highly reverence the DSvas, and there are several hundred temples in which many sectaries dwell together.

By the side of the royal palace is a great sanghdrwma with some 300 priests, who are all men of distinction. This convent has a great vihdra, a iundred feet and more in height. In it is a precious tiara belonging to Sarvarthasiddha (Yih-tsai-i-sh'ing) the prince. It is somewhat less than two feet in height, and is ornamented with gems and precious stones. It is kept in a jewelled casket. On fast-days it is brought out and placed on a high throne. They offer to it flowers and incense, on which occasions it is lit up with radiance.

By the side of the city is a great sanghdrdma in which is a vihdra about 50 feet high. In this is a figure of Maitreya B6dhisattva carved out of sandal-wood. It is about ten feet high. This also on fast-days reflects a bright light. It is the work of the Arhat Wen-'rh-pih-i (Srutavims'atik6ti).41

the country is Kong-kin-na-pu-lo, Bednore (/. R. A. S., N.S., vol. vi. p. which is restored by Julien to Kon- 267). Assuming, however, that his kanapura. It is stated that this route was north, and that he was country is in Southern India. There returning towards the neighbouris no agreement as to the site of the hood of Chanda, we should have to capital. V. de St. Martin takes the look for the capital of Kong-kin-na pilgrim north-west to Vanavasi near Golkonda. (Memoire, p. 401). General Cun- 41 For some reference to this uingham thinks that Anagundi on person see ante, p. 187, n. 3. It the northern bank of the Tunga- seems likely that the allusion in the bhadra river is the place indicated text is to Sona Kutikanna, as he (Anc. Geog., p. 552), whilst Mr. was a disciple of Katyayana, who Fergusson would take the pilgrim dwelt in Southern India (S. B. E., from Nagapattaii to the centre of the £viL p. 32). Maisur plateau somewhere east of

To the north of the city not far is a forest of Tdla trees about 30 li round. The leaves (of this tree) are long and broad, their colour shining and glistening. In all the countries of India these leaves are everywhere used for writing on. In the forest is a st-Apa. Here the four former Buddhas sat down and walked for exercise, and traces of them still remain. Beside this is a stlXpa containing the bequeathed relics of the Arhat SrutavimSatikoti.:

Not far to the east of the city is a stdpa which has sunk down into the ground from its foundations, but is still about thirty feet high. The old tradition says, In this stiUpa is a relic of Tathagata, and on religious days (holy days) it exhibits a miraculous light. In old days, when Tathagata was in the world, he preached in this place, and exhibited his miraculous powers and converted a multitude of men.

Not far to the south-west of the city is a stupa about a hundred feet high, which was built by As6ka-raja. Here the Arhat Srutavims'atikoti exhibited great miraculous powers and converted a great many people. By the side of it is a sanghdrdma, of which only the foundations remain. This was built by the fore-named Arhat.

From this going north-west, we enter a great forest wild, where savage beasts and bands of robbers inflict injury on travellers. Going thus 2400 or 2500 li, we come to the country of Mo-ho-la-ch'a (Maharashtra).42

Mo-ho-ia-ch'a (maharashtra).

I This country is about 5000 li in circuit. The capital43 { borders on the west on a great river. It is about 30 li

42 "The great kingdom;" the due south of Bharoch (the next country of the Marat has. station) instead of east. Mr. Fer

43 There .have been various sur- gusson names Toka, Phulthamba, or mises as to the name of this capital, Paitan. However, the distance and M. V. de St. Martin names Deva- direction from the capital of Kongiri or Daulatabad, but this is not kanapura is about 400 miles N.W. on a river. General Cunningham This seems .to bring us near the thinks Kalyan or Kalya.,1 is the river Tapti, or perhaps the GhirnA place intended, to the west of which river.

Cows the Kailasa river; but this is

round. The soil is rich and fertile; it is regularly cultivated and very productive. The climate is hot; the disposition of the people is honest and simple; they are tall of stature, and of a stern, vindictive character. To their benefactors they are grateful; to their enemies relentless. If they are insulted, they will risk their life to avenge themselves. If they are asked to help one in distress, they will forget themselves in their haste to render assistance.) If they are going to seek revenge, they first give their enemy warning; then, each being armed, they attack each other with lances (spears). When one turns to flee, the other pursues him, but they do not kill a man down (a person who submits). If a general loses a battle, they do not inflict punishment, but present him with woman's clothes, and so he is driven to seek death for himself. The country provides for a band of champions to the number of several hundred. Each time they are about to engage in conflict they intoxicate themselves with wine, and then one man with lance in hand will meet ten thousand and challenge them in fight. If one of these champions meets a man and kills him, the laws of the country do not punish him. Every time they go forth they beat drums before them. Moreover, they inebriate many hundred heads of elephants, and, taking them out to fight, they themselves first drink their wine, and then rushing forward in mass, they trample everything down, so that no enemy can stand before them.

The king, in consequence of his possessing these men and elephants, treats his neighbours with contempt. _ He is of the Kshattriya caste, and his name is Pulakesi (Pulo-ki-she). His plans and undertakings are wide-spread, and his beneficent actions are felt over a great distance. His subjects obey him with perfect submission. At the present time Siladitya44 Maharaja has conquered the nations from east to west, and carried his arms to remote districts, but the people of this country alone have not 44 That is, Sil&ditya of Kanauj (vol. i. p. 210 ss.)