Tathagata in old days preached the law and exhibited, his miraculous powers, and converted endless people. To preserve the traces of this event, this memorial tower was built. For years past it has exhibited spiritual signs, and what is wished for in its presence is sometimes obtained.

On the south of this country, bordering the sea, are the Mo-la-ye (Malaya) mountains,124 remarkable for their high peaks and precipices, their deep valleys and mountain torrents. Here is found the white sandal-wood tree and the Chan-t'an-ni-p'o (fikandanSvd)125 tree. These two are much alike, and the latter can only be distinguished by going in the height of summer to the top of some hill, and then looking at a distance great serpents may be seen entwining it-: thus it is known. Its wood is naturally cold, and -therefore serpents twine round it. After having noted the tree, they shoot an arrow into it to mark it.126 In the winter, after the snakes have gone, the tree is cut down. The tree from which Kie-pu-lo (Karp&ra) scent is procured,127 is in trunk like the pine, but different leaves and flowers and fruit. When the tree is first cut down and sappy, it has no smell; but when the wood gets dry, it forms into veins and splits; then in the middle is the scent, in appearance like mica, of the colour of frozen snow. This is what is called (in Chinese) long-nao-hiang, the dragon-brain scent.

124 These mountains, or this mountain, bordering on the sea, may either represent the Malabar Ghats generally, or, more probably, the detached mass of the Ghats south of the Koimbatur gap, apparently the true Malaya of the Pauranik lists. See Ind. Ant., vol. xiii. p. 38; Sewell, op. cit, p. 252. The term Ma-la-yo is also applied to a mountainous district in Ceylon, of which Adam's Peak is the centre (Childers, Pali Diet., sub voc); compare /. R. A. IS., N.S., vol. xv. p. 336. It would seem, at any rate, if this district of Malaya, "bordering on the sea," was a part of the kingdom of Malakuta, that

the latter cannot be confined to the delta of the Kavert, but must be extended to the southern sea-coast. This would explain the alternative name of Chi-mo-lo (Kumar). Malaya means any "mountainous region."

128 That is, a tree " like the sandalwood" (Jul., n. I).

126 Compare Julien, note 2 (in loco), and Burnouf, Introd. to Buddhism,}). 620. The Malaya mountain is called Chandanagiri, part of the southern range of the Ghats, because of the sandal-wood found there (Monier Williams, Sansc. Diet. s. v. Chandana).

117 That is, camphor.

To the east of the Malaya mountains is Mount Po-talo-kia (P6talaka).128 The passes of this mountain are very dangerous; its sides are precipitous, and its valleys rugged. On the top of the mountain, is a lake; its waters are clear as a mirror. From a hollow proceeds a great river which encircles the mountain as it flows down twenty times and then enters the southern sea. By the side of the lake is a rock-palace of the De" vas. Here Avalokites" vara129 in coming and going takes his abode. Those who strongly desire to see this Bodhisattva do not regard their lives, but, crossing the water (fording the streams), climb the mountain forgetful of its difficulties and dangers; of those who make the attempt there are very few who reach the summit. But even of those who dwell below the mountain, if they earnestly pray and beg to behold the god, sometimes he appears as Tsz'-tsa'i-t'ien (lsvara-d§va), sometimes under the form of a yogi (a Pamsupata); he addresses them with benevolent words and then they obtain their wishes according to their desires.

Going north-east from this mountain, on the border130 of the sea, is a town;131 this is the place from which they

128 The situation of this mountain p. 40V Julien says, "Going from

has been discussed {J. B. A. S., N.S., Malakuta in a north-eastern direc

vol. Xy. p. 339 ff. tion, on the borders of the sea i3

19 See vol. i. p. 60, n. 210. a town (called Ohe-li-ta-to, Chari

130 The symbol used implies "a trapura)." Conf. ante, p. :oS, n. division of the sea," as though it 55. But, in fact, the original were at a point where the sea states, "Going from this mountain, divided into an eastern and western i.e., Mount Malaya, in a northocean, eastern direction, there is a town at

131 There is no name given; it is the sea-dividing." So that Dr. Bursimply stated there is a town from nell's conclusions, so for as this part which they go to Ceylon. If it of his argument goes, are not supwere intended to give the name ported by the text. On the other Charitrapura to it, there would be hand, it is stated by I-tsing that no symbol between the word for "going west thirty days from Que"city or town " and the word "go." d&h, merchants used to arrive at M. Julien's parenthesis has misled Nagavadana, whence after two Dr. Burnell and others. Dr. Bur- days' voyage they reach Ceylon" nell has also argued on a mistaken (/. 11. A. S., N.S., vol. xiii. p. 562). translation as to the position of This looks as though Nagapattanam this town, which he identities with were the town referred to by Hiuen KSveripattanam {Ind, Ant., vol. vii. Tsiang.

start for the southern sea and the country of Sang-lualo (Ceylon). It is said commonly by the people that embarking from this port and going south-east about 3000 li we come to the country of Simhala.

END OF BOOK X.

BOOK XL

Contains an account of twenty~three kingdoms, viz., (1) Sang-kia-lo; (2) Kong-kien-na-pitAo; (3) Mo-ho-la-e'hay (4) Po-lu-kie-che-p'oy (5) Mo-la-p'oy (6) O-c'ha-li; (7) Kie-ch'a; (8) Fa-la-pi; (9) 'O-nan-to-pu-lo; (10) Su-la-ch'aj (11) Kiu-che-lo; (12) I7-sAeyen-naj (13) Shi-kie-tu; (14) Mo-hi-chi-fa-lo-po-lo; (15) Sin-toy (16) Mo-lo-san-pu-lo; (17) Po-fa-to; (18) O-tien-p'o-chi-loy (19) Long-kie-lo; (20) Po-la-ssej (21) Pi-to-shi-loy (22) O-fan-c'ha; (23) Fa-hrna,

Sang-kia-lo (simhala).1

The kingdom of Simhala is about 7000 li in circuit;2 the capital is about 40 li round. The soil is rich and fertile; the climate is hot; the ground is regularly cultivated; flowers and fruits are produced in abundance. The population is numerous; their family possessions are rich in revenues. The stature of the men is small. They are black complexioned 3 and fierce by nature. They love learning and esteem virtue. They greatly honour religious excellence, and labour in the acquisition of religious merit.

1 Simhala or Ceylon was not visited by Hiuen Tsiang, for reasons given in the last book. Fa-Man, however, resided in the island for two years (cap. 40). For the various names by which this island has been known, we may refer to Vincent (Navigation of the A ncients, Sec.) Colonel Yule doubts whether we owe the name Ceylon or Seilan to Simhala (Marco Polo, ii. p. 254, note I). Childers traces the derivation of the word Elu to this name Sihala (Notes on the Sinhalese Language). See Jnd. Ant., vol. xiii. pp. 33 «•

2 For the exaggerated reports concerning the size of this island, we may refer to Tennent's Ceylon, cap. i., and Yule, Marco Polo (vol. ii. p. 254, n. 1). The circuit of the island is really under 700 miles. We mubt therefore allow 10 li to the mile if Hiuen Tsiang's statement is to be received. Fa-hian is much more nearly correct in his figures, but in his account we must substitute length for breadth (cap. 37)

3 This must refer to the Tamil population. The Sinhalese are tall and comparatively fair.

This country was originally (called) Pao-chu4 (Batnadvipa), because of the precious gems found there. It was occupied by evil spirits.6

After this there was a king of a country of Southern India, whose daughter was affianced in a neighbouring country. On a fortunate day, having paid a complimentary visit, she was returning when a lion met her on the way. The servants of the guard left her and fled from the danger. Eesting alone in her car, her heart was resigned to death. At this time the lion king, taking the woman on his back, went away and entered a lone valley in the deep mountains.6 He caught the deer and gathered the fruits according to their season, with which to nourish her. In the course of time she brought into the world a boy and a girl. In form and features they resembled human beings, but in disposition they were like the beast tribes.

The youth gradually grew up, and was possessed of great bodily strength, so that he could subdue the wildest

4 That is, the "isle or islet of gems." So it Was called by the Arabs of the ninth century (Yule, op. cit., p. 255). The Javanese word for precious stone is sela, and from this, some think, comes the word Sailan or Ceylon (ibid.) In any case the name itself, "gemisland," was an old one; the regular formation would give us Katnadvipa.

5 The construction of the text and context is a little unusual. It seems to imply that because the island abundantly possessed gems and precious stones, it was a restingplace for demons and spirits, or demons. Of course it refers to the Rakshasis or Yakkhinis. Comp. Weber, fidm&yana, p. 25 (Boyd's translation).

6 For notices of this legend see Prof. Vasconcellos Abreu, Fragments oVuma tentativa de Estudo scoliastico da Epopeia Portugueza (Lisboa, 1880), pp. 40-75 ; or Ind. Ant., vol. xiii. pp. 33 ff.; Dtpavarhia, ch. ix.; Lassen, lnd. Alt., vol. i. p.

241 n.; Burnouf, Introd., pp. 198 f. It owes its origin probably to the rape of a woman during a seaboard raid. Some of the northern tribes (invaders of India) affected the name of lion (simha or li). Compare Fo-sho, v. 1788. There are three events (obscure in themselves, yet perhaps connected) which happened in India about the time of Buddha: (1.) The invasion of north-west of India by the Vrijjis; (2.) the incursion of Yavanas into Orissa; (3.) the invasion and conquest of Ceylon by Vijaya. These events may have had a mutual relationship; the pressure of the Vrijjis from the north-west would drive the intermediate tribes on Orissa, and from Orissa some of the adventurers would start for fresh conquests by sea Precisely similar events occurred in the west a few centuries afterwards: Compare Pergussbn, Cave Temples of India, p. 58; Beal, Abstract of Four Lectures, Introduction, ix., x., xi., and also the sculptures in the Ganesa Gumpha and