by her husband; and Prussia was no longer threatened by danger from the East.
England and France at the same time paired off together. They concluded a treaty, by which they bound themselves to observe neutrality with respect to the German war. Thus the coalitions on both sides were dissolved; and the original enemies, Austria and Prussia, remained alone confronting each other.
Austria had undoubtedly far greater means than Prussia, and was less exhausted by hostilities; yet it seemed hardly possible that Austria could effect alone what she had in vain attempted to effect when supported by France on the one side, and by Russia on the other. Danger also began to menace the Imperial house from another quarter. The Ottoman Porte held threatening language, and a hundred thousand Turks were mustered on the frontiers of Hungary. The proud and revengeful spirit of the Empress Queen at length gave way; and, in February, 1763, the peace of Hubertsburg put an end to the conflict which had, during seven years, devastated Germany. The King ceded nothing. The whole Continent in arms had proved unable to tear Silesia from that iron grasp.
The war was over. Frederic was safe. His glory was beyond the reach of envy. If he had not made conquests as vast as those of Alexander, of Cæsar, and of Napoleon, if he had not, on fields of battle, enjoyed the constant success of Marlborough and Wellington, he had yet given an example unrivalled in history of what capacity and resolution can effect against the greatest superiority of power and the utmost spite of fortune. He entered Berlin in triumph, after an absence of more than six years. The streets were brilliantly lighted up; and, as he passed along in an open carriage, with Ferdinand of Brunswick at his side, the multitude saluted him with loud praises and blessings. He was moved by those marks of attachment, and repeatedly exclaimed "Long live my dear people! Long live my children!" Yet, even in the midst of that gay spectacle, he could not but perceive every where the traces of destruction and decay. The city had been more than once plundered. The population had considerably diminished. Berlin, however, had suffered little when compared with most parts of the kingdom. The ruin of private fortunes, the distress of all ranks, was such as might appal the firmest mind. Almost every province had been the seat of war, and of war conducted with merciless ferocity. Clouds of Croatians had descended on Silesia. Tens of thousands of Cossacks had been let loose on Pomerania and Brandenburg. The mere contributions levied by the invaders amounted, it was said, to more than a hundred millions of dollars; and the value of what they extorted, was probably much less than the value of what they destroyed. The fields lay uncultivated. The very seed corn had been devoured in the madness of hunger. Famine and contagious maladies produced by famine, had swept away the herds and flocks; and there was reason to fear that a great pestilence among the human race was likely to follow in the train of that tremendous war. Near fifteen thousand houses had been burned to the ground. The population of the kingdom had in seven years decreased to the frightful extent of ten per cent. A sixth of the males capable of bearing arms had actually perished on the field of battle. In some districts, no labourers, except women, were seen in the fields at harvest-time. In others, the traveller passed shuddering through a succession of silent villages, in which not a single inhabitant remained. The currency had been debased; the authority of laws and magistrates had been suspended; the whole social system was deranged. For, during that convulsive struggle, every thing that was not military violence was anarchy. Even the army was disorganised. Some great generals, and a crowd of excellent officers, had fallen, and it had been impossible to supply their place. The difficulty
of finding recruits had, towards the close of the war, been so great, that selection and rejection were impossible. Whole battalions were composed of deserters or of prisoners. It was hardly to be hoped that thirty years of repose and industry would repair the ruin produced by seven years of havoc. One consolatory circumstance, indeed, there was. No debt had been incurred. The burdens of the war had been terrible, almost insupportable; but no arrear was left to embarrass the finances in time of peace.
Here, for the present, we must pause. We have accompanied Frederic to the close of his career as a warrior. Possibly, when these Memoirs are completed, we may resume the consideration of his character, and give some account of his domestic and foreign policy, and of his private habits, during the many years of tranquillity which followed the Seven Years' War.
Abbé and abbot, difference between, 238.
Academy, character of its doctrines, 394-
Adam, Kobert, court architect to George III, 761.
Addison, Joseph, review of Miss Aikin's life of, 699-
744; his character, 700, 701; sketch of his father's
life, 701; his birth and early life, 701, 702; ap-
pointed to a scholarship in Magdalene College,
Oxford, 702; his classical attainments, 702, 703;
his Essay on the Evidences of Christianity, 703.
741; contributes a preface to Dryden's Georgics.
706; his intention to take orders frustrated, 706,
sent by the Government to the Continent, 707, 708;
his introduction to Boileau, 709; leaves Paris and
proceeds to Venice, 710; his residence in Italy,
710-712; composes his Epistle to Montague (then
Lord Halifax), 712; his prospects clouded by the
death of William III., 713; becomes tutor to a
young English traveller, 713; writes his Treatise
on Medals, 713, repairs to Holland, 713; returns
to England, 713; his cordial reception and intro-
duction into the Kit Cat Club, 713; his pecuniary
difficulties, 713; engaged by Godolphin to write a
poem in honour of Marlborough's exploits, 715,
is appointed to a Commissionership, 715, merits
of his "Campaign," 715; criticism of his Travels
in Italy, 703 716, 717; his opera of Rosamond, 717;
is made Undersecretary of State, and accompanies
the Earl of Halifax to Hanover, 718; his election
to the House of Commons, 718; his failure as a
speaker, 718; his popularity and talents for con
versation, 719, 720; his timidity and constraint
among strangers, 720, his favourite associates,
720-722; becomes Chief Secretary for Ireland un-
der Wharton, 722; origination of the Tatler, 723;
his characteristics as a writer, 723-725; compared
with Swift and Voltaire as a master of the art of
ridicule, 724, 725; his pecuniary losses, 727; loss
of his Secretaryship, 777, resignation of his Fel-
lowship, 727; encouragement and disappointment
of his advances towards a great lady, 727; re
turned to Parliament without a contest, 737; his
Whig Examiner, 727; intercedes with the Tories
on behalf of Ambrose Phillipps and Steele, 727;
his discontinuance of the Tatler and commence-
ment of the Spectator, 728, his part in the Spec-
tator, 728, his commencement and discontinuance
of the Guardian, 730; his Cato, 348. 710. 730; his
intercourse with Pope, 732; his concern for Steele,
732, 733; begins a new series of the Spectator, 733;
appointed secretary to the Lords Justices of the
Council on the death of Queen Anne. 734; again
appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland, 734; his
relations with Swift and Tickell, 734, 735; removed
to the Board of Trade, 735 production of his
Drummer. 735; his Freeholder, 735; his estrange-
ment from Pope, 736, 737; his long courtship of
the Countess Dowager of Warwick and union with
her,739,740, takes up his abod at Holland House,
740; appointed Secretary of State by Sunderland,
740; failure of his health, 740. 742; resigns his
post, 740; receives a pension, 740; his estrange
ment from Steele and other friends, 741: advo-
cates the bill for limiting the number of Peers, 741.
742; refutation of a calumny upon him, 742; en-
trusts his works to Tickell, and dedicates them
to Craggs, 742; sends for Gay on his death-bed
to ask his forgiveness, 743; his death and funeral,
743; Tickell's elegy on his death, 744; superb
edition of his works, 744; his monument in Poet's
Corner, Westminster Abbey, 744-
Addison, Dr Lancelot, sketch of his life, 701.
Adiaphorists, a sect of German Protestants, 225. 235.
Adultery, how represented by the dramatists of the
Restoration, 57, 573-
Advancement of Learning, by Bacon, its publica-
cation, 371.
Eschylus and the Greek drama, 7.12.
Afghanistan, the monarchy of, analogous to that of
England in the 16th century, 230, 231; bravery of
its inhabitants, 616, 617; the English the only army
in India which could compete with them, 616;
their devastations in India, 507, 508.
Agricultural and manufacturing labourers, com-
parison of their condition, 105, 106.
Agujari, the singer, 671.
Aikin, Miss, review of her Life of Addison, 699-744-
Aix, its capture, 310
Akenside, his Epistle to Curio, 284-
Albigenses, 552, 553-
Alexander the Great, compared with Clive, 546.
Alfieri and Cowper, comparison between thell, 152.
Allahabad, 614, 615. 617.
Allegories of Johnson and Addison, 196.
Allegory, difficulty of making it interesting, 186.
Allegro and Penseroso, 6.
Alphabetical writing, the greatest of human inven-
tions, 400; comparative views of its value by
Plato and Bacon, 400.
America, acquisitions of the Catholic Church in,
543; its capabilities, 548.
American colonies, British, war with them, 628; act
for imposing stamp duties upon them, 771; their
disaffection, 756 revival of the dispute with them,
786; progress of their resistance, 788, 789.
Anabaptists, their origin, 227.
Anacharsis, reputed contriver of the potter's wheel,
Anaverdy Khan, governor of the Carnatic, 509.
Angria, his fortress of Gheriah reduced by Clive, 517.
Anne, Queen, her political and religious inclina
tions, 261; changes in her government in 1710,
262; relative estimation by the Whigs and the
Tories of her reign, 262-264, 266, state of parties
at her accession, 713, 714; dismisses the Whigs,
726; change in the conduct of public affairs con-
sequent on her death, 733.
Antioch, Grecian eloquence at, 549.
Anytus, 385.
Apostolical succession, Mr Gladstone claims it for
the Church of England, 490-501.
Aquinas, Thomas, 410.
Arab fable of the Great Pyramid, 568.
Arbuthnot's Satirical Works, 725.
Archimedes, his slight estimate of his inventions,
398.
Archytas, rebuked by Plato, 398
Arcot, Nabob of, his relations with England, 509-
513, 546; his claims recognised by the English, 510.
Areopagitica, Milton's, allusion to, 27.
Argyle, Duke of, secedes from Walpole's adminis-
tration, 293.
Ariosto, compared with Tasso, 558.
Aristodemus, 549.
Aristophanes, 570.
Aristotle, his authority impaired by the Reforma.
tion, 396.
Arithmetic, comparative estimate of by Plato and
by Bacon, 397, 395.
Arlington, Lord, his character, 430, 431; his cold-
ness for the Triple Alliance, 434; his impeach-
Armies in the middie ages, how constituted, 34, 35-
71; a powerful restraint on the regal power, 71;
subsequent change in this respect, 71.
Arms, British, successes of, against the French in
1758-1700, 310, 311.
Army (the), control of by Charles I. or by the Par-
liament, 75; its triumph over both, 79; danger of
a standing army becoming an instrument of des-
potism, 218, 219.
Aine, Dr, set to music Addison's opera of Rosa-
mond, 717-
Arragon and Castille, their old institutions favour-
able to public liberty, 242.
Art of War, Machiavelli's, 46.
Arundel, Earl of, 391.
Asia, Central, its people, 615.
Asiatic Society, commencement of its career under
Warren Hastings, 645.
Assemblies, deliberative, 308.
Association.
See Catholic Association.
Astronomy, comparative estimate of by Socrates
and by Bacon, 399.
Athenian comedies, their impurity, 570; reprinted
at the two Universities, 570.
Athenians (the). Johnson's opinion of them, 181, 182.
Attainder, an act of, warrantable, 211.
Afterbury, Bishop, his reply to Bentley to prove the
genuineness of the Letters of Phalaris, 465; reads
the funeral service over the body of Addison, 743-
Attila, 548.
Attributes of God, subtle speculations touching them
imply no high degree of intellectual culture, 549,
550.
Aubrey, his charge of corruption against Bacon, 382;
Bacon's decision against him after his present, 389.
Augsburg, Confession of, its adoption in Sweden,
56r.
Augustin, St, 548.
Aurangzebe, his policy, 507.
Austen, Jane, notice of, 694.
Austin, Sarah, her character as a translator, 547,
548. 569.
Austria, success of her armies in the Catholic cause,
564
Authors, their present position, 123-126.
freedom from the spirit of controversy, 413, his
eloquence, wit, and similitudes. 413; his disc
plined imagination, 414; his boldness and orige
nality, 415 unusual development in the order
of his faculties, 415; his resemblance to the uni
of Burke, 415; specimens of his two stylus, 4153
value of his Essays, 416; his greatest perfonauke
the first book of the Novum Organum, 417, con-
templation of his life, 417, 418.
Bacon, Sir Nicholas, his character, 351-354
Baconian philosophy, its chief peculiarity, 392; its
essential spirit, 393; its method and object dif-
fered from the ancient, 397; comparative views
of Bacon and Plato, 397-402; its benefient spurit,
401, 402 404. 495; its value compared with an-
cient philosophy, 402-407.
Baillie, Gen., destruction of his detachment by
Hyder Ali, 634-
Balance of power, interest of the Popes in preserv
ing it, 564
Banim, Mr. his defence of James II. as a supporter
of toleration, 336.
Banking operations of Italy in the 14th century.
32, 33-
Bar (the), its degraded condition in the time of
James II, 88.
Barbary, work on, by Rev. Dr Addison, 701.
Barcelona, capture of, by Peterborough, 25
Baretti, his admiration for Miss Buracy, 073
Barillon, M.. his pithy words on the new council
proposed by Temple, 447 451-
Barlow, Bishop, 578.
Barrington, Lord, 749
Barwell, Mr, 618; his support of Hastings, 620, 626
Bastile, Burke's declamations on its capture, 653
Battle of the Cranes and Pygmies, Addison's, 704
Bavaria, its contest between Protestantism and
Catholicism, 559 564.
Baxter's testimony to Hampden's excellence, 194
Bayle, Peter, 551.
Beaumarchais, his suit before the parliament of
Paris, 399.
Beckford. Alderman, 764.
Avignon, the Papal Court transferred from Rome Bedford, Duke of, 749; his views of the policy of
to, 553-
Chatham, 755 761; presents remonstrance to
George III, 774
Bedford, Earl of, invited by Charles I. to form an
administration, 212.
Bedfords (the). 749; their opposition to the Rock-
ingham ministry on the Stamp Act, 777, their
willingness to break with Grenville on Cha ha'n's
accession to office, 782: deserted Grenville and
admitted to office, 787; parallel between them and
the Rockinghams, 775,
Baber, founder of the Mogul empire, 506.
Bacon, Lady, mother of Lord Bacon, 354-
Bacon, Lord, review of Basil Montagu's new edition
of the works of, 349-419; his mother distinguished
as a linguist, 354; his early years, 356, 357; his
services refused by government. 357. 358; his ad-
mission at Gray's Inn, 358; his legal attainments,
358; sat in Parliament in 1593. 359; part he took
in politics, 359; his friendship with the Earl of
Essex, 360-365; examination of his conduct to
Essex, 365-369; influence of King James on his
fortunes, 369; his servility to Lord Southampton,
370; influence his talents had with the public, 370;
his distinction in Parliament and in the courts of
law, 371: his literary and philosophical works,
371; his "Novum Organum," and the admiration
it excited, 371; his work of reducing and recom-
piting the laws of England, 372; his tampering
with the judges on the trial of Peacham, 372. 373;
attaches himself to Buckingham, 375; his ap-"Benefits of the Death of Christ," 550
pointment as Lord Keeper, 376; his share in the
vices of the administration, 377; his animosity to
wards Sir Edward Coke, 379, 380; his town
and country residences, 380; his titles of Baron
Verulam and Viscount St Albans, 380; report
against him of the Committee on the Courts of
Justice, 382; nature of the charges, 382, over-
whelming evidence to them, 383; his admission of
his guilt, 383; his sentence, 384; examination of
Mr Montagu's arguments in his defence, 384-300;
mode in which he spent the last years of his life,
390, 391; chief peculiarity of his philosophy, 392-
397; his views compared with those of Plato, 397-
402; to what his wide and durable fame is chiefly
owing, 404; his frequent treatment of moral sub-
jects, 406; his views as a theologian, 406; vulgar
notion of him as inventor of the inductive method,
407; estimate of his analysis of that method, 405
410; union of audacity and sobriety in his temper,
411; his amplitude of comprehension, 412; his
Bedford House assailed by a rabble, 774-
Begums of Oude, their domains and treasures, 641,
disturbances in Oude imputed to them, 641; their
protestations, 642; their spoliation charged against
Hastings, 656.
Belgium, its contest between Protestantism and
Catholicisin, 559 564.
Belial, 572.
Bell, Peter, Byron s spleen against, 153-
Bellasys, the English general, 251.
Bellingham, his malevolence, 694
Belphegor (the), of Machiavelli, 42
Benares, its grandeur, 635, its annexation to the
British dominions, 640
Benevolences, Oliver St John's opposition to, and
Bacon's support of, 372.
Bengal, its resources, 517, et seq.
Bentham, his language on the French revolution, gia
Bentham and Dumont, 271.
Bentinck, Lord William, his memory cherished by
the Hindoos. 547-
Bentivoglio, Cardinal, on the state of religion in
England, in the 16th century, 233
Bentley, Richard, his quarrel with Boyle, and re-
marks on Temple's Essay on the Letters of Ple
aris, 465; his edition of Milton, 466, 099; his notes
on Horace, 466; his reconciliation with Boyle and
Atterbury, 467. 699.
Berar, occupied by the Bonslas, 628.
Berwick, Duke of, held the Allies in check, 253;
his retreat before Galway, 257-
Bickerstaff, Isaac, astrologer, 723.
Biographia Britannica refutation of a caluminy on
Addison in, 7
Biography, tenure by which a writer of is bound to
his subject, 463.
Bishops, claims of those of the Church of England
to apostolical succession, 490-493-
Black Hole of Calcutta described, 518, 519; retribu-
tion of the English for its horrors, 519, 520-524-
Blackmore, Sir Richard, his attainments in the
ancient languages, 704
Blasphemous publications, policy of Government in
respect to, 115.
Blenheim, battle of, 714: Addison employed to
write a poem in its honour, 714
Blois, Addison's retirement to, 708
"Bloomsbury gang," the denomination of the Bed-
fords, 749.
Bodley, Sir Thomas, founder of the Bodleian lib-
rary, 371. 391.
Bohemia, influence of the doctrines of Wickliffe in,
553.554-
Boileau, Addison's intercourse with, 708; his opinion
of modern Latin, 709; his literary qualities, 709.
Bolingbroke, Lord, the liberal patron of literature,
173; proposed to strengthen the royal prerogative,
278; his pretence of philosophy in his exile, 406;
his jest on occasion of the first representation of
Cato, 731; Pope's perfidy towards hum, 738; his
remedy for the diseases of the state, 753, 754-
Bombay, its attairs thrown into confusion by the
new Council at Calcutta, 620.
Book of the Church, Southey's, 101.
Books, putting of, 124-126.
Booth, played the hero in Addison's Cato on its first
representation, 730.
Boroughs, rotten, the abolition of, a necessary re-
form in the time of George I., 283.
Boswell, James, his character, 170-172.
right, 298; resembles Bacon, 416; effect of his
speeches on the House of Cominons, 469; not the
author of the Letters of Junius, 619; his charges
against Hastings, 649-663; his kindness to Miss
Burney, 685; her incivility to him at Hastings'
trial, 685; his early political career, 776, 777; his
first speech in the House of Commons, 779; his
opposition to Chatham's measures relating to
India, 785; his defence of his party against Gren
ville's attacks, 788; his feeling towards Chatham,
788.
Burleigh and his Times, review of Rev. Dr Nares's,
222; his early life and character, 223-226; his death,
226; importance of the times in which he lived,
226; the great stain on his character, 235, 236;
character of the class of statesmen he belonged
to, 352; classical acquirements of his wife, 354:
his conduct towards Bacon, 357, 358. 361; his
apology for having resorted to torture, 373;
Bacon's letter to him upon the department of
knowledge he had chosen, 412.
Burney, Dr, his social position, 668-671; his conduct
relative to his daughter's first publication, 676;
his daughter's engagement at Court, 683.
Burney, Frances. See D'Arblay, Madame.
Bussy, his eminent merit and conduct in India, 514-
Bute, Earl of, his character and education. 752;
appointed Secretary of State, 754, opposes the
proposal of war with Spain on account of the
family compact, 756; his unpopularity on Chat-
ham's resignation, 757; becomes Prime Minister,
758; his first speech in the House of Lords, 758;
induces the retirement of the Duke of Newcastle,
759; becomes First Lord of the Treasury, 759;
his foreign and domestic policy, 760-765; his resig
nation, 766; continues to advise the king privately,
768. 773-778.
Boswell's Life of Johnson, by Croker, review of, Butler, Addison not inferior to him in wit, 723.
160-185; character of the work, 170.
Boswellism, 28.
Bourbon, the House of, their vicissitudes in Spain,
251-201
Bourne, Vincent, 709; his Latin verses in celebra-
tion of Addison's restoration to health, 740.
Boyle, Charles, his nominal editorship of the Let-
ters of Phalaris, 465; his book on Greek history
and philology, 704-
Boyle, Rt. Hon. Henry, 714. 715-
"Boys" (the) in opposition to Sir R. Walpole, 281.
Bracegirdle, Mrs, her celebrity as an actress, 595;
her intimacy with Congreve, 595.
Brahmins, 550.
Breda, treaty of, 432, 433-
Bribery, foreign, in the time of Charles I., 91.
Brihuega, siege of, 260, 261.
Broad Bottom Administration" (the), 208.
Brothers, his prophecies as a test of faith, 550
Brown, Launcelot, 541.
Bruce, his appearance at Dr Burney's concerts,
671.
Brunswick, the House of, 750.
Byng, Admiral, his failure at Minorca, 305; his
trial, 306; opinion of his conduct, 306; Chatham's
defence of him, 307.
Byron, Lord, his epistolary style, 141; his character,
142; his early life, 142, his quarrel with and sepa
ration from his wife, 143-145, his expatriation, 145;
decline of his intellectual powers, 145; his attach-
ment to Italy and Greece, 145, 146; his sickness
and death, 146; general grief for his fate, 146; re-
marks on his poetry, 147; his admiration of the
Pope school of poetry, 153; his opinion of Words-
worth and Coleridge, 153; of Peter Bell, 153; his
estimate of the poetry of the 18th and 19th cen
turies, 154; his sensitiveness to criticism, 154; the
interpreter between Wordsworth and the multi-
tude, 155, the founder of an exoteric Lake school,
155; remarks on his dramatic works, 155-158; his
egotism, 158; cause of his influence, 158-150.
Cabal (the), their proceedings and designs, 438,
Brussels, its importance as the seat of a vice-regal Cabinets, in modern times, 446.
Court, 432.
Brydges, Sir Egerton, 694
Buchanan, character of his writings, 397.
Buckhurst, 571.
Buckingham, Duke of, the "Steenie" of James I.,
199, 200, Bacon's early discernment of his influ-
ence, 375; his expedition to Spain, 376; his return
for Bacon's patronage, 376; his corruption, 376,
377; his character and position, 377-380; his mar-
riage, 380, his visit to Bacon, and report of his
condition, 333.
Buckingham, Duke of, one of the Cabal ministry,
580; his fondness for Wycherley, 580; anecdote
of his volatility, 5%.
Budgeli, Eustace, one of Addison's friends, 720, 722.
Bunyan, John, his history and character, 189-191;
his style, 192; his religious enthusiasm and ima-
gery, 562.
Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress, review of Southey's
edition of, 185; peculiarity of the work, 186. 189.
191, 192, not a perfect allegory, 183, 189.
Buonaparte, 82. 306, 715. See also Napoleon,
Burgoyne, Gen., chairman of the committee of in-
quiry on Lord Clive, 544.
Burke, Edmund, his characteristics, 99; his opinion
of the war with Spain on the question of maritime,
Cadiz, exploit of Essex at the siege of, 252. 363; its
pillage by the English expedition in 1702, 253.
Calcutta, its position on the Hoogley, 517; scene of
the Black Hole of, 518, 519; resentment of the
English at its fall, 519, 520; again threatened by
Surajah Dowlah, 520; revival of its prosperity,
527; its sufferings during the famine, 54; its
capture, 605; its suburbs infested by robbers,
620; its festivities on Hastings' marriage, 627.
Calvinism, moderation of Bunyan's, 191; held by
the Church of England at the end of the 16th
century, 494; many of its doctrines contained in
the Paulician theology, 552.
Cambridge, University of, favoured by George I.
and George II., 759; its superiority to Oxford in
intellectual activity, 352; disturbances produced
in by the Civil War, 424.
Cambyses, story of his punishment of the corrupt
judge, 387.
Camilla, Madame D'Arblay's, 695, 696.
Campaign, The, by Addison, 715.
Canada, subjugation of, by the British in 1760, 312.
Canning. Mr, 693.
Cape Breton, reduction of, 312,
Caraffa Gian Pietro, afterwards Pope Paul IV., his
zeal and devotion, 556, 558.
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