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SOTHERAN'S PRICE CURRENT of LITERA TURE, No. 566, just published, contains a good Selection of Books in General Literature, besides Bibliographical Works, Mr. John Payne Collier's Publications, the Dramatists of the Restoration on vellum, Sir William Fraser's Scottish Genealogical Works, and an Appreciation of Charles Dickens. Post free from H. SOTHERAN & CO., Boooksellers, 140 Strand, W.C.; and 37, Piccadilly, W. ETC. PRICE FOURPENCE. Registered as a Newspaper. London for filling, on the most favourable terms, orders for their 6d. STANDARD PUBLICATIONS, and for ALL AMERICAN own BOOKS. The Volume, JANUARY to JUNE, 1897, Price 10s. 6d., is NEARLY READY. *The Index separately, price 6d.; by post, Also Cases for Binding, price 18.; by post, 18. 3d. J. WHITAKER & SONS' PUBLICATIONS. The DAILY ROUND. Meditation, Every SATURDAY, of any Bookseller or News-agent,, THE ATHENÆUM JOURNAL OF Prayer, and Praise. Adapted to the Course of the Christian ENGLISH and FOREIGN LITERATURE, Year. Imperial 32mo. cloth, 3s.; Turkey roan, gilt edges, 4s. 6d. ; morocco, gilt edges, 6s. Foolscap 8vo. cloth, 4s. 6d. ; Turkey roan, gilt edges, 6s.; morocco, gilt edges, 9s. This favourite Manual is issued in Ten Editions, ranging in size from the smallest pocket Prayer Book to a large octavo, printed in very plain type, suitable for aged people whose eyesight is failing Some of the editions are handsomely printed with red-line borders, &c. and the DRAMA. This Day's ATHENÆUM contains Articles on SIR HUGH GOUGH'S REMINISCENCES. Vol. I. Morn- The DOMESDAY of INCLOSURES. The DAILY PSALMS. Vol. I. Morn EARLY CHRONICLES of JAPAN. ING; Vol. II EVENING. Each Volume complete in NEW NOVELS-A Trick of Fame; The Romance of the Golden Star: THREE SCOTTISH CLUB BOOKS-SHORT STORIES. DAILY LIFE: its Trials, Duties, and DIFFICULTIES, Short Practical Essays. By the Author of The Daily Round.' Fcap. 8vo. cloth, 4s. 6d. ; roan, gilt edges, 6s.; morocco, gilt edges, 98. The BOOK of PRIVATE PRAYER. Issued by Authority of the Lower Hou o Convocation of the Province of Canterbur J Short Forms of Daily Prayer for those having Little Time. Cloth, 6d.; roan, gilt edges, 1s. 6d. II. Forms for Use Twice Daily, with Prayers for Various Occasions. Cloth, 2s.; roan, gilt edges, 3s. 6d. III. Forms for Use Seven Times Daily. A New Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Cloth, 3s.; roan, gilt edges, 4s. 6d. The NARROW WAY. A Complete Manual of Devotion. With a Guide to Confirmation and Holy Communion. 48mo. cloth, 6d.; or neatly bound in roan, with gilt edges, 1s. 6d. Large-Type Edition, 18mo. cloth, 1s.; or neatly bound in roan, gilt edges, 2s. In very bold type, strongly bound in cloth, 7d. FRENCH HISTORY. OUR LIBRARY TABLE-LIST of NEW BOOKS. LITERARY GOSSIP. ALSO SCIENCE-Munro on Prehistorio Problems; Chemical Literature; The FINE ARTS-Egyptological Literature; Two Portraits of Swift; DRAMA-The Week; Library Table; Documents relating to Shak The ATHENEUM for July 10 contains Articles on BOOKS in the MIDDLE AGES. The ORDER of PREACHERS in the THIRTEENTH CENTURY. NEW TESTAMENT CRITICISM. The HOLY COMMUNION. By the SCANDINAVIAN NOVELS. ANTHOLOGIES-SHORT STORIES. Rev. W. H. RIDLEY, M.A. Fine-Paper Edition, cloth, OUR LIBRARY TABLE-LIST of NEW BOOKS. red edges, 1s.; Persian roan, gilt edges, 28. LONDON, SATURDAY, JULY 17, 1897. CONTENT S.-N° 290. NOTES:-Escallop Shell, 41-Dictionary of National Bio- -St. Giles, 49. " " temple in a good state of preservation, and the most sery Song - Trials of Animals - Reference-Drawing-P. 526) renders tzehpheth (2 Chronicles iii. 15) by Cockney Dialect-Parish Levy-A propos- Adventures shell, it being the word translated "chapiters" in of Thomas Pellow,' 48-Dies Veneris-John Smith-Hussey the A.V. If the capitals of the magnificent temple REPLIES:-John Cabot and the Matthew, 49-H. Cornish built by Solomon at Jerusalem were adorned at "The black water," 51- Precise Hour-Local Areas- the corners with scallops, this may have originated Eye-rhymes," 52- Dedications to St. Roque-Han- their symbolic sacred use in the East and after. sardize"-Bayneham-Holy Week Ceremonial - Machiavelli-" Burvil"-Use of Armour-Yiddish, 54-Evelyn- wards in the West from that time, B.C. 1000. Van Cortlandt-Hogg and Tannahill-Cheney GatePrime Minister, 55-Beckford-The 39th Foot-Josiah Nisbet-Peacock, 56-Ghost Story-Military BannersAlexander Smith-Darvel "Three acres and a cow"Gadarn, 57-Gillman-Cakes-" Parson's nose"-Convicts in England, 58. NOTES ON BOOKS:-Drucker's Ihering's Evolution of the Aryan-Mac Ritchie's Diary of a Tour through Great Britain-Kitton's Dickens's Novels '-Thomas's Woodland Life'-Barrett's Carlyle's Sartor Resartus'-Robinson's Connoisseur'-Mason's 'Chess Openings'-Witt's Then and Now' Scott's Bibliography of William Morris'' Journal of Ex-Libris Society.' cut: "Pecten, a genus of lamellibranchiate molluscs, commonly referred to the same family with the oyster." "Pecten Jacobæus, a native of the Mediterranean, is the scallop-shell which pilgrims were accustomed to wear in front of their hats, in token of their having visited the shrine of St. James at Compostella. It attains a size of about four inches long and five inches broad." This similarity of the oyster to the scallop, and their being of the same family, may explain our insular oyster grottoes. It seems they are made on St. James's Day; so the oyster may simply be a substitute for the less common scallop, and the grotto be a medieval method of honouring St. James, who had been a fisherman on Lake Tiberias (Matthew iv. 21), where scallops are still found. Wright ('Palmyra and Zenobia,' 1895, p. 265) gives an interesting instance of a clearly symbolic scallop, accompanied by a drawing: "We entered the city Musmeih [in Bashan], the ancient Phoena. The most conspicuous ruin was a I have not noticed an earlier reference in Eng. lish literature than that of 'Piers Ploughman (temp. Richard II.), as referred to in 'Notes on Pilgrims' Signs' (Archæologia, xxxviii. 131) :— "In the vision of Piers Ploughman a pilgrim is introduced on whose cloak were signs of Sinai in proof that he had visited that locality :Signes of Synay And shelles of Galice And many a crouche on his cloke. Not less conclusive also is the testimony of Erasmus in colloquy Peregrinatio Religionis erga' when Mene. demus asks Ogygius, 'What kind of attire is this that thou wearest? Thou art bedizened with semicircular shells, art full of images.' The reply is, I visited St. James of Compostella, and as I came back I visited the Virgin beyond the sea, who is very famous among the English.' ་ In the cloister of S. Lanfranco, Pavia (fifteenth century), is a large scallop within a wreath, in the In Santa Croce, Florence, on spandril of an arch. the splendid monument of Carlo Marsuppini (fifteenth century), is sculptured in white marble a large scallop, on the centre of the sarcophagus. On the singing gallery of the Duomo, Florence (1466), are sculptured thirty scallops, in a row, in front. In the marble tabernacle in Santa Croce, Florence (1480), are two niches having scallops in In the design for the splendid monuthe roofs. ment to Pope Julius II., by Michael Angelo, for St. Peter's (1513), are two niches in front, holding angels, and having scallops in their roofs. See this drawing, and casts of the last four in the South Kensington Museum, and also of the next two. At Lubeck is a large monument to the Wigerenick family, 1518, having a central niche with a scallop roof. A scallop is in the roof of a niche in the pulpit staircase of Siena Duomo, dated 1543. An interesting article on 'Pilgrimages in the Middle Ages' (Penny Magazine, 1836, p. 228) contains this passage : "The scallop-shells which the pilgrims wore in the front of their hats were properly speaking peculiar to J. WHITAKER & SONS' PUBLICATIONS. The DAILY ROUND. Meditation, Every SATURDAY, of any Bookseller or News-agent, THE ATHENÆUM JOURNAL OF Prayer, and Praise. Adapted to the Course of the Christian ENGLISH and FOREIGN literatuRE, Year. Imperial 32mo. cloth, 3s.; Turkey roan, gilt edges, 4s. 6d. ; morocco, gilt edges, 6s. Foolscap 8vo. cloth, 4s. 6d. ; Turkey roan, gilt edges, 6s.; morocco, gilt edges, 9s. This favourite Manual is issued in Ten Editions, ranging in size from the smallest pocket Prayer Book to a large octavo, printed in very plain type, suitable for aged people whose eyesight is failing Some of the editions are handsomely printed with red-line borders, &c. and the DRAMA. This Day's ATHENÆUM contains Articles on SIR HUGH GOUGH'S REMINISCENCES. The DAILY PSALMS. Vol. I. Morn- The DOMESDAY of INCLOSURES. EARLY CHRONICLES of JAPAN. ING; Vol. II EVENING. Each Volume complete in NEW NOVELS-A Trick of Fame; The Romance of the Golden Star: THREE SCOTTISH CLUB BOOKS-SHORT STORIES. DAILY LIFE: its Trials, Duties, and DIFFICULTIES, Short Practical Essays. By the Author of The Daily Round.' Foap. 8vo. cloth, 48. 6d. ; roan, gilt edges, 6s.; morocco, gilt edges, 98. The BOOK of PRIVATE PRAYER. Issued by Authority of the Lower Hou o Convocation of the Province of Canterbur 1. Short Forms of Daily Prayer for those having Little Time. Cloth, 6d.; roan, gilt edges, 1s. 6d. II. Forms for Use Twice Daily, with Prayers for Various Occasions. Cloth, 2s.; roan, gilt edges, 3s. 6d. III. Forms for Use Seven Times Daily. A New Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Cloth, 3s.; roan, gilt edges, 4s. 6d. The NARROW WAY. A Complete Manual of Devotion. With a Guide to Confirmation and Holy Communion. 48mo. cloth, 6d. ; or neatly bound in roan, with gilt edges, 1s. 6d. Large-Type Edition, 18mo. cloth, 1s.; or neatly bound in roan, gilt edges, 2s. In very bold type, strongly bound in cloth, 7d. The HOLY COMMUNION. By the FRENCH HISTORY. OUR LIBRARY TABLE-LIST of NEW BOOKS. LITERARY GOSSIP. ALSO NEW TESTAMENT CRITICISM. SCANDINAVIAN NOVELS. ANTHOLOGIES-SHORT STORIES. Rev. W. H. RIDLEY, M.A. Fine-Paper Edition, cloth, OUR LIBRARY TABLE-LIST of NEW BOOKS. red edges, 1s.; Persian roan, gilt edges, 2s. A LETTER of THOMAS PAINE to DR. FRANKLIN-The ENGLISH LITERARY GOSSIP. ALSO SCIENCE-Newton's Dictionary of Birds; Library Table; Societies FINE ARTS-Architectural Literature; The Royal Academy; Two MUSIC-The Week; Händel and Canons; Gossip; Performances Next DRAMA-The Week; M. Meilhac; Gossip, OFFICE for ADVERTISEMENTS, Bream's - buildings, Chancery - lane, E.C. Published by JOHN C. FRANCIS, 8th S. XII, JULY 17, '97.] NOTES AND QUERIES. LONDON, SATURDAY, JULY 17, 1897. CONTENT S.-N° 290. NOTES:-Escallop Shell, 41-'Dictionary of National Bio 41 temple in a good state of preservation, and the most striking object in the temple was an enormous scallop. shell in the semicircular recess in the back side, opposite the door...... From an inscription we got the date of A.D." graphy, 42-Nennius's Knowledge of Old English-County the building, about the middle of the second century Council English-First Victorian House of Commons, 43'A Help to Discourse'-" 'High Fifeshire"-Parallel Passage-" Marriage Lines"-" Belly-Can"-Mr. Gray and his Neighbours-Barton on the Heath, 44-New Words Queen Henrietta Maria-Pater's Autograph-"Of all loves" Sir H. Bedingfield-Pre-Reformation Uses, 45-Fact and Fiction-Hampton Court Guide-books-" Tuly," 46. "Hawcubite"-" As QUERIES:-" Hansard": "Hanse". mad as a hatter"-"Camla-like"- Roos, Meeres, &c. Wildrake-Charlton, 47-"Matrimony"-Robinson-Nur -St. Giles, 49. Having found the scallop on the shores of a religious symbol in Dan, Tiberias, and as Bashan, and Bethlehem, and represented as used in the sacred baptism in Jordan, it is curious to notice, in regard to the connexion of the scallop with Palestine, that Parkhurst ('Lexicon,' 1823, sery Song - Trials of Animals-Reference-Drawing-P. 526) renders tzehpheth (2 Chronicles iii. 15) by Cockney Dialect-Parish Levy-A propos- Adventures shell, it being the word translated "chapiters" in of Thomas Pellow,' 48-Dies Veneris-John Smith-Hussey the A.V. If the capitals of the magnificent temple REPLIES:-John Cabot and the Matthew, 49-H. Cornish built by Solomon at Jerusalem were adorned at the corners with scallops, this may have originated their symbolic sacred use in the East and after. wards in the West from that time, B.C. 1000. -"The black water," 51-Precise Hour-Local Areas"Eye-rhymes," 52- Dedications to St. Roque-Hansardize"-Bayneham-Holy Week Ceremonial - Machiavelli—“ Burvil”—Use of Armour-Yiddish, 54-EvelynVan Cortlandt-Hogg and Tannahill- Cheney GatePrime Minister, 55-Beckford-The 39th Foot-Josiah Nisbet-Peacock, 56-Ghost Story-Military BannersThree acres and a cow"-Alexander Smith-Darvel Gadarn, 57-Gillman-Cakes-"Parson's nose"-Convicts NOTES ON BOOKS:-Drucker's Ihering's Evolution of the Aryan-Mac Ritchie's Diary of a Tour through Great Britain-Kitton's Dickens's Novels-Thomas's Woodland Life'-Barrett's Carlyle's Sartor Resartus '-Robinson's Connoisseur'-Mason's Chess Openings'-Witt's 'Then and Now' - Scott's Bibliography of William ''Journal of Ex-Libris Society.' Morris in England, 58. (See 8th S. xi, 241.) The following mentions of the escallop may be sufficiently curious to add to those already printed in N. & Q. There being observable some little confusion between the escallop and the cockle in some writers, it may be worth noticing the scientific designation as given by Chambers ('Encyclopædia,' 1865, vol. vii. p. 348) with a cut: "Pecten, a genus of lamellibranchiate molluscs, commonly referred to the same family with the oyster." "Pecten Jacobæus, a native of the Mediterranean, is the scallop-shell which pilgrims were accustomed to wear in front of their hats, in token of their having visited the shrine of St. James at Compostella. It attains a size of about four inches long and five inches broad." This similarity of the oyster to the scallop, and their being of the same family, may explain our insular oyster grottoes. It seems they are made on St. James's Day; so the oyster may simply be a substitute for the less common scallop, and the grotto be a medieval method of honouring St. James, who had been a fisherman on Lake Tiberias (Matthew iv. 21), where scallops are still found. Wright (Palmyra and Zenobia,' 1895, p. 265) gives an interesting instance of a clearly symbolic scallop, accompanied by a drawing: "We entered the city Musmeih [in Bashan], the ancient Phoena. The most conspicuous ruin was a I have not noticed an earlier reference in Eng. lish literature than that of 'Piers Ploughman' (temp. Richard II.), as referred to in 'Notes on Pilgrims' Signs' (Archæologia, xxxviii. 131) : "In the vision of Piers Ploughman a pilgrim is introduced on whose cloak were signs of Sinai in proof that he had visited that locality: Signes of Synay And shelles of Galice And many a crouche on his cloke. Not less conclusive also is the testimony of Erasmus in colloquy Peregrinatio Religionis erga when Mene. demus aske Ogygius, 'What kind of attire is this that thou wearest? Thou art bedizened with semicircular shells, art full of images.' The reply is, 'I visited St. James of Compostella, and as I came back I visited the Virgin beyond the sea, who is very famous among the English." In the cloister of S. Lanfranco, Pavia (fifteenth century), is a large scallop within a wreath, in the spandril of an arch. In Santa Croce, Florence, on the splendid monument of Carlo Marsuppini (fifteenth century), is sculptured in white marble a large scallop, on the centre of the sarcophagus. On the singing gallery of the Duomo, Florence in (1466), are sculptured thirty scallops, in a row, front. In the marble tabernacle in Santa Croce, Florence (1480), are two niches having scallops in the roofs. In the design for the splendid monument to Pope Julius II., by Michael Angelo, for St. Peter's (1513), are two niches in front, holding angels, and having scallops in their roofs. See this drawing, and casta of the last four in the South Kensington Museum, and also of the next two. At Lubeck is a large monument to the Wigerenick family, 1518, having a central niche with a scallop roof. A scallop is in the roof of a niche in the pulpit staircase of Siena Duomo, dated 1543. An interesting article on 'Pilgrimages in the Middle Ages' (Penny Magazine, 1836, p. 228) contains this passage : "The scallop-shells which the pilgrims wore in the front of their hats were properly speaking peculiar to |