admitted Sir John as vicar pensioner of the said church

"by introducing him through the south door of the church as far as the great altar and by the delivery to him of the keys of the church, the baptismal font, the bell rope, the great altar and its ornaments, the chalice and the psalter ('per traditionem clavium ecclesie, fontis baptismalis, cordule campane, altaris magni et ornamentorum ejusdem, calicis, libri '), which said Sir John so entered (intravit) and obtained and took corporal possession as he best could and should, by touching all the foresaid things delivered to him and putting his hand upon them in sign of true possession obtained (' omnia premissa sibi tradita tangendo et super eis in signum vere possessionis adepte manum ponendo ")."

This example occurs in the work cited vol. ii. p. 428; others much like it, though generally with less fulness, appear at pp. 106, 113, 121, 202, 317, 428. It will be evident from my quotation that the correspondences with the Dorking formula are almost exhaustive. Not having had leisure to consult Lyndwood or any more recent authority on ecclesiastical procedure in such matters, I am unable to adduce evidence (which, however, I suspect exists in large body) that England and Scotland alike followed in this observance some canonical custom.

THE EARL OF BEVERLEY (8th S. xi. 487).Charles Douglas, born 1698, was from 1708 to 1711 styled Marquess (not Earl) of Beverley. On 6 July, 1711, he became Duke of Queensberry, &c., in Scotland, and Duke of Dover and Marquess of Beverley in Great Britain. The title of Beverley does not appear among any of the creations of the exiled Stuarts, so far as I am aware, but no complete list of them exists, though that in the Marquis de Ruvigny's 'Legitimist Kalendar for 1895' is probably the most perfect. G. E. C.

The Dukes of Northumberland are Earls of Beverley, but the title dates only from 1790. The second Duke of Queensberry was created Duke of Dover and Marquis of Beverley in 1708. He died in 1711. His son, the third Duke of Queensberry, second of Dover, and second Marquis of Beverley, died in 1778, when the latter two titles became extinct. He had a son born in 1722, who married

"RUMMER" (8th S. x. 452; xi. 270, 395).— Bailey (fourth edition, 1728) gives "Rummer (q. d. a Roomer, from Room), a broad mouth'd large drinking vessel; or such an one fill'd to the brim." It is probably in the sense of a bumper that the word is used as a tavern sign. The "Rummer and Horse Shoe" is mentioned in 'Jonathan Wild' (1743), book ii. chap. iii.; and at the village of Stoke Holy Cross, five miles from Norwich, is an old inn called "The Rummer." In the passage quoted by MR. HEBB it would seem that Th. Gautier was simply using the German word römer; to suggest that he invented the word is, of course,

ridiculous.

Norwich.

JAMES HOOper.

"ALTAR GATES" (8th S. xi. 308, 396).—It is seldom that altar rails have gates, but when these do exist there are no means of locking them. It is quite true that in these latter days the clergy have got into the habit of locking the gates of modern chancel screens. The chancel screen at St. Peter's, Combmartin, is fifteenth century oak work, and, in common with all Devonshire screens of that date, its double doors open inwards and have no appearance of ever having had any fastening appended to them. As a matter of accuracy, the figures of the Apostles upon this particular screen are painted, not carved as mentioned by ST. SWITHIN. The idea that the chancel gates always open inwards, because nothing should impede the penitent, so desirous, from casting himself upon his knees before the altar, seems to me an instinct as old as the hills, and I am surprised that what I have always assumed is an accepted tradition should be remarked upon as novel. HARRY HEMS.

Fair Park, Exeter.

EARLY HEADSTONES, &c. (8th S. xi. 428).Churchyard inscriptions of the sixteenth century are extremely rare, as I know from having examined various ancient country churchyards, &c. Out of some three hundred in High Halden Church the earliest is 1601; but there is a flat stone in the porch pavement with this inscription: "William Baker Here Lieth, 1583." It will be found in the following pamphlet: Monumental Inscriptions of High Halden, Kent,' by W. B. Grimaldi (Tenterden, 1895, p. 6, No. 2), of which I beg to forward

legal and literary custom." With the Bacon-Shakspeare craze Mr. Lee does not concern himself in the body of his biography, relegating it judiciously to the closing note. We see no shortcoming in the whole, and no respect in which it could profitably be altered.

In the same volume as Mr. Lee's Shakspeare appears the Sir Walter Scott of Mr. Leslie Stephen, a biography of only inferior importance. Little that is new is left to be said concerning Sir Walter. The most pregnant sentences in the biography are these: "Scott will be severely judged by critics who hold, with Carlyle, that an author should be a prophet. Scott was neither a Wordsworth nor a Goethe, but an Auld Wat' come again, and forced by circumstances to substitute publishing for cattle lifting. The sword was still intrinsically superior in his eyes to the pen." To many noble aspects of Scott Mr. Stephen does ample justice. We ourselves are disposed to put his literary achievement in a position immeasurably higher than is here assigned it. Among literary lives, that of Selden is by Sir Edward Fry; Shadwell, by Mr. Aitken; Selwyn, by Mr. Fraser Rae; Settle, by Mr. Seccombe; Anna Seward, by Miss Lee; Sedley, by Prof. Ward. Other lives we are compelled, by conditions of space, for once to omit.

The Bibliographer's Manual of Gloucestershire Literature. By Francis Adams Hyett, B.A., and the Rev. William Bazeley, M.A, 3 vole. (Gloucester, Bellows.) Nor easy is it to over-estimate the services rendered to bibliography by those who accomplish work such as that before us. But little disposed are our best-known bibliographers to undertake the painful and all but unremunerated drudgery involved in the compilation of books such as those of Brunet, Quérard, or Lowndes. They prefer, naturally, to dally with incunabula and manuscripts, and with the origins generally of book-forms and illustrations. For one man able and willing to continue the task of Lowndes there are a dozen ready to pursue the labours of Hain, Panzer, and Maittaire. It may be doubted, even, whether any really important national bibliographical work will be accomplished either by individuals or societies. Under these conditions it is well to have local bibliographies, which at least serve a definite and recognizable purpose, and will also lighten graver labours should such ever be attempted. Special appeal is made, as is said, to two classes of readers-students of local histories and collectors of topographical books. Together these constitute an important, though not, perhaps, the most interesting section of bookbuyers. It is natural for those not otherwise absorbed in books to be interested in their own immediate surroundings. In the case of local worke, moreover, there is a chance for the collector of approaching completeness, which in more general or more important branches is hopeless to the man with the best opportunities and the longest purse. It is not pretended that the bibliography is complete. It is, however, extensive, and in advance of anything that many counties can boast. The arrangement of the work is perhaps a little complex. It is, none the less, convenient in many respects, and offers, when the scheme is understood, few difficulties. The first volume is occupied with the county and city of Gloucester, the third with the city of Bristol, Vol. II., mean time, gives other places in alphabetical order, the order of books throughout being, as in Cotton's Typographical Gazetteer,' that of date of appearance. In connexion with Bristol, accordingly, the earliest volume mentioned under the head of "Works relating to the City" and the section of "General Literature" bears date 1575, and has a title beginning, "The Whole Order howe oure Soveraigne Ladye Queene Elizabeth was receyued into the Citie of Bristow," &c. Cotton meanwhile, it may

be stated-who is now, of course, out of date-mentions no work printed in Bristol earlier than 1642—in his first volume 1643. 1642 is the earliest date in the case of many places in Gloucestershire, the Parliamentarians beginning at that time to boast of the triumphs won by Waller over the Royalist forces. There is no temptation to dwell further upon the methods of Messrs. Hyett and Bazeley, nor the limitations they have imposed upon themselves, all of which can be conveniently studied in their preface. Their work is ample, and, so far as we have been able to verify it, trustworthy and admirably executed. A copy of Jenkins's Memoirs of the Bristol Stage,' "Printed at Bristol by W. H. Somerford, 1826," now before us, has a plate, which is not mentioned, of Miss O'Neill as Belvidera. This is probably inserted. For the rest, the work has an index of authors and a list of Bristol printers. Many pages are, naturally, devoted to Chattertoniana.

The Dies Ira. By the Rev. C. F. S. Warren, M.A. Part I. The Hymn. (Skeffington & Son.) MR. WARREN, whose name is pleasantly and happily familiar to readers of N. & Q.,' has spent many years in compiling a history of this noble hymn and a list of versions, English and American. This he now issues in a volume sure to commend itself to scholars. Should its reception be such as is hoped-and, we will add, merited -it will be followed by a second, supplying, in extenso, the versions Mr. Warren has accumulated. This, it is owned, will lead to much repetition, and to not a little bad writing. The plan has, however, it is justly held, an interest of its own, and the hymnologist, who will will wait with some eagerness for its continuation. At extend a warm welcome to Mr. Warren's erudite volume, the outset the author thought that his work would sions have, however, multiplied until they reach some not extend far beyond the limits of a pamphlet. Verhundreds. Even now the list is not supposed to be exhaustive. The earliest English version discovered is the French of Guillaume de Salluste, better known as that of Joshua Sylvester, and is itself a rendering from Du Bartas; the second by the Catholic poet Richard Crashaw, of the Steps to the Temple.' A rendering is in Patrick Carey's Trivial Poems and Triolete,' edited by Sir Walter Scott. Goethe, it is known, introduced the hymn into Faust,' and Justin Korner into Die Wahninnigen Bruder,' while Scott himself brings the Very interesting is Mr. Warren's history of the hymn, two opening lines into The Lay of the Last Minstrel.' in which these and innumerable other details are given. is to be specially commended. In this respect it is sure It is as a monumental piece of criticism that the volume to be a favourite with scholars.

Johnsonian Miscellanies. Edited by George Birkbeck Hill, D.C.L. 2 vols. (Oxford, Clarendon Press.) WORTHY of special welcome are these two volumes, with which Dr. Birkbeck Hill puts the copestone on the noble monument he has erected to Samuel Johnson. It is true that Dr. Hill regards as a portion of his task still to be executed an authoritative edition of the Lives of the Poets,' to which might perhaps be added others of Johnson's writings. What is already done, however, serves further to familiarize us with a great man of letters, concerning whom, possibly, we now know more than we know of any contemporary or successor. The task of editing Johnsonian Miscellanies' was urged on Dr. Hill by Mr. Leslie Stephen, whose suggestion has been regarded almost as a command. The publication has, we are sorry to hear, been delayed for reasons of health. Now, however, in the same form as the famous six-volume

Boswell' the volumes appear. The first volume consists of Johnson's Prayers and Meditations,' his account

of his life from his birth to his eleventh year, Mrs. Piozzi's 'Anecdotes,' and Murphy's essay on Johnson's life and genius. Very miscellaneous are the contents of the second volume. They include some letters for the first time printed, a further series of Dicta Philosophi,' and a series of extracts and anecdotes from Hawkine, Dr. Thomas Campbell, Cradock, Cumberland, Sir Joshua Reynolds, Hoole, Lady Knight, Seward, Steevens, and innumerable others. At one time Dr. Hill thought of giving extracts also from the 'Diary' of Madame d'Arblay. That work he has, however, wisely left the reader to consult for himself. It is, he holds, too good a book to be hacked in pieces. A sort of suggestion - we dare not call it a promise-is made that it might some day have Dr. Hill for its editor. This appears to be son to consult in addition to Dr. Hill's own laboure, the only work it is necessary for the student of Johnunless he likes, for the sake of seeing the other side of the medal, to obtain familiarity with Walpole's diatribes against Johnson, as perpetuated in his correspondence, or Wolcot's flippant Bozzy and Piozzi.' Everything in the volumes gives us a higher opinion of Johnson, and all may be read with extreme interest and pleasure. Closely as they follow the Church of England service, Johnson's prayers are very characteristic productions, and cast a strong light upon his weaknesses, especially his sloth. The annals are short, but precious. Mrs. Piozzi's Anecdotes' are a known storehouse of good things, and Murphy's essay we could ill spare. The work is annotated with no less pains than the Boswell,' to which it is, naturally, a supplement. It has an index, moreover, as ample and satisfactory, in proportion, as that to Boswell.' We have nothing but praise to bestow on the work, which is lovingly and admirably executed, and the two volumes must rest on the shelves of every true lover of literature.

Historic Bubbles. By Frederic Leake. (Suckling & Galloway.)

SEVEN essays on historical subjects by an American, now printed or reprinted, constitute very amusing reading. In what spirit, characteristically American, of smartness they are written will be understood from the mottoes on the title-page and from the short and sparkling preface by which the following contents are ushered in. Of these contents Mr. Leake says: "Those who read them will form opinions of them, and some who read them not will do the same thing, in accordance with a tempting canon of criticism." Personally we have read them; and were we inclined to be smart after the fashion of the writer we should say we "had formed no opinion of them." But, in fact, we find them diverting, and can commend them to those who wish to take historical information in effervescing doses. The subjects include "The Duke of Berwick"; "The Captivity of Babylon," a name given to the condition of the Church of Rome in exile at Avignon; "Hoche"; "John Wiclif"; and" An Interesting Ancestor of Queen Victoria," in the person of Peter the Cruel. Mr. Leake writes rather like a journalist than an historian, and is occasionally flippant. Still, his work, though he has not gone far for authorities, repays perusal. He quotes with apparent approval the motto of Barante, whom he frequently consulte, "Scribitur ad narrandum non ad probandum,"

Imperial Defence. By Lieut.-Col. Sir George S. Clarke, K.C.M.G., F.R.S. (Imperial Press.) THIS is one of the most important works which have been called forth by the late rejoicings and by the outbreak of Imperialism by which they were preceded or accompanied. As secretary to the Colonial Defence Committee and the Royal Commission on Navy and Army Administration, and as an officer who has seen

much active service and been sent on important missions, Sir George Sydenham Clarke knows more than almost any other man on the subject on which he writes. Special chapters in his work are on "The Empire," "Trade," "The Navy," "The Army," and "Imperial Organization." These are questions with which we are not called upon to deal. We content ourselves, accordingly, with commending the book to those who have leisure and taste to study lessons the importance and significance of which none can gainsay.

quite as good as the first one was, and contains much THE number of the Genealogical Magazine for June is useful and interesting information. We drew attention to the article upon The Sobieski Stuarts' which evidence, is most interesting to all who read that paper. appeared in the previous issue, and in the present number is printed a letter which, though not absolute It sets forth the theory that the Sobieski Stuarts were not descended from Prince Charles Edward Stuart, but from his brother Henry, Cardinal York. Should this story turn out to be correct, it would account for all claim to the descent from the elder brother and his wife which now puzzles us as regards the reason for the not having been put forward until after the death of the latter, and it would also satisfy those who believed that in some way or other they did inherit Stuart blood from the strong likeness to Charles II. We hope more information upon this subject may be forthcoming. In the present number of the magazine there is a good article upon 'Heraldic Book-Plates and their Value,' by Mr. W. H. K. Wright. It sets forth the history of bookplates so far as relates to the value and the collecting of them. We trust that this magazine may prove a success.

THE Rev, Henry Thomas Griffith, B.A., who died on 14 June, aged sixty-eight, was a loyal friend and constant contributor to the columns of N. & Q.' in its earliest years, although his communications after his blindness were less frequent. Mr. Griffith was a Rous Exhibitioner of Pembroke College, Oxford, Vicar of Felmingham from 1866 to 1881, and Rector of Smallburgh (both in Norfolk) from the latter year until his death. He edited Cowper' for the Clarendon Press, in 2 vols., 1875.

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JOHN HOBSON MATTHEWS (' England's Conversion and Reformation Compared ').-By Robert Manning. CORRIGENDUM.-8th S. xi. 506, col. 2, 1. 14, for "Parkinite" read Perkinite.

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