tion of part-songs. It was published originally in West Haddon, Northamptonshire. "All among the barley," the part-song to which MR. REDWAY erroneously attributes the opening line as the title, which is derived from the refrain, can scarcely be classed as an English sporting song, The only allusion to sport-and that merely incidental and illustrative-occurs in the first stanza-thus : Come out 'tis now September, The hunter's moon 's begun, I quote from memory. The composition is by a manere vestigia, terramque specie torridam vim frugiferam perdidisse.”— Historiarum,' lib. v. c. 6, 7. It is said that Vespasian from curiosity went to the Lacus Asphaltites, and ordered certain persons who could not swim to be flung into it with their arms bound behind their backs, and all of them floated on the surface (Josephus, Bell. Jud. iv. 8). A friend of mine told me that he once bathed in the Dead Sea and was astonished at its wonderful buoyancy. The expression "Apples of Sodom" has passed into the language, indicating anything fair on the outside but full of bitterness within. Lord Byron, in Childe Harold's Pilgrimage,' has embalmed the idea :— but Life will suit Itself to Sorrow's most detested fruit, Newbourne Rectory, Woodbridge. 66 THE BREDEN STONE (8th S. xi. 424).-I presume that the kind of stone alluded to by Mr. HALL, under the three designations of breeding," growing," " and "pudding," is the same that we here call a "mother" stone. To look at it is not unlike a piece of concrete. Some workmen I have employed here got into difficulties, the other In The Universal Songster; or, Museum of day, with one of these stones, which they dis Mirth,' illustrated by George and Robert Cruik-covered in an old foundation. shank, 3 vols., London, Jones & Co., Temple of the Muses, Finsbury Square, 1825, 1826, 1827, there is a collection of 214 sporting songs, but the two mentioned by your correspondent are not amongst them. The first, ""Tis a fine hunting day," I am informed by a friend, is of more recent date, and the other may be also. J. B. FLEMING. Kelvinside, Glasgow. West Haddon, Northamptonshire, JOHN T. PAGE. 'THE GIAOUR' (8th S. ix. 386, 418, 491; x. 11, 120, 240, 302; xi. 13).—I do not think that the line 66 Of Guebres, Giaours, and Ginns, and Gouls, in hosts, quoted by H. E. M. at the last reference, can be THE PHARAOH OF THE OPPRESSION (8th S. v. used as an argument for the hardness of g in Giaours," 174, 245, 311; vi. 134, 236).—Some time since admitted that the g in "Ginns" is soft, and, if so, ," for I suppose it must be generally there was an interesting correspondence on the sub- the alliteration of hard g's falls to the ground, and ject of Lot's wife being turned into a pillar of salt, the g in "Giaours" may as likely be soft as hard. and I cited some instances of megaliths being found In Nimmo's edition of Byron's Poetical Works,' in many parts of the world, mentioning the case of 1876, there is this note on 'Giaour,' p. 164: "This Niobe as described by Sophocles ('Antigone,' 823-33). Happening to be in Oxford, I mentioned not less by Beckford in Vathek,' means 'infidel,' word immortalized by Byron in this poem, and this to Prof. Sayce, the great Orientalist, and he and is pronounced Djiur, like Giamschid and seemed to think it useful information. The read-other Eastern names." The 'Stanford Dictionary' ing of the lesson, Gen. xix., on the first Sunday in Lent reminded me of the matter, and a reference to Tacitus, who wrote about B.C. 70, furnished some interesting illustrative information concerning the scene of the catastrophe, which took place B. C. 1898: "Lacus immenso ambitu specie maris, sapore corruptior, gravitate odoris accolis pestifer, neque vento impellitur, neque pisces aut suetas aquis volucres patitur. Incertæ undæ superjacta, ut solido, ferunt: periti imperiti nandi perinde attolluntur. Certo anni bitumen egerit; cujus legendi usum, ut ceteras artes, experientia docet ......Haud procul inde campi, quos ferunt olim uberes, magnis urbibus habitatos fulminum jactu arsisse et gives as variants of the word "16 c. gawar, 16 c.- Beckford's Vathek' has F. C. BIRKBECK TERRY. WADDINGTON (8th S. xi. 428, 458, 477).— MR. ALGER's letter as to M. Waddington's descent from Mr. Wm. Waddington, who, born in 1751, established the French factories with his father-in-law, Mr. Sykes, in 1792, is interesting, but just fails of touching my point. Had Mr. Wm, Waddington any affinity with Samuel Wad dington, who married Sarah Tyrwhitt, of Stain- of the Capitol, Cologne, before pointed arches or field, "before 1755," the date of her brother's wall-buttresses anywhere appeared. At Chartres, will, disinheriting her to enrich distant maternal which we may call the first Gothic building, both relatives already wealthy? Were the French flying and wall buttresses are well developed. factories the result of her loss of fortune? In After that in France neither of them is conMr. Augustus Hare's 'Memoirs of Madame Bunsen, cealed or disguised. But the English first deconée Waddington,' it is distinctly stated that the rated the wall-buttress well, in three of our chief French minister's family had intermarried with churches, Lincoln, Salisbury and Beverley. Yet Tyrwhitts of Stainfield and Cradock of Hartforth, this was before quite understanding them; for at in Yorkshire, p. 23. Marmaduke Cradock married Lincoln all the smaller buttresses and those at the Margaretta, daughter of Samuel and Sarah Wad-transept faces are useless; at Salisbury only two pair dington, 3 Oct., 1776, so, plainly, the one alliance in each larger transept face are useless; at Beverley above noted includes the second; but the point (as first finished, without towers) and at most remains unanswered as to whether Margaretta foreign churches none is useless. At Westminster Cradock had a brother, and whether that brother there is still one full-sized buttress, between the could have been the Mr. Wm. Waddington who N.E. chapels, shown to be useless, as the south married Miss Sykes and established the French side has no corresponding one. Otherwise, a factories. If MR. ALGER knows, and will tell us, purely Gothic vaulted church, in whatever country I shall be greatly obliged to him. -Cologne, Westminster, Chartres, Toledo, Milanrests wholly on its buttresses and pillars, the walls (if any) being mere screens. Now this necessity of buttresses all round a building naturally led to putting them needlessly round its towers, as at Beverley, York, Canterbury, Paris, Rouen, Mechlin, &c. barism of such untied roofs as Westminster Hall In England the real baralso required them. But for vaultless buildings, and even belfry towers, the world generally votes them barbarous; and Ruskin's question about the Edinburgh towerfor?-was truly the only one it suggests. The real What purpose was it built purpose, to get a percentage of its cost, never occurred to any ancient builder. Not in Christendom or heathendom had Satan yet, before 1714, got anything so devilish as a designer for "percentage on outlay" into episcopal or priestly brains. E. L. GARBETT. M. L. E. TYRWHITT. There are epitaphs belonging to this family (if Waddington of Yorkshire) in St. Peter's Church, Leeds, engraved in brass, to Edward Waddington, whose grandfather was John Thwayts, bearing date 1674; and on another brass plate is Samuel Waddington, of Allerton Gleadow, second son of Samuel Waddington, of Otterborne in Craven, bearing date 25 March, 1680/1. These appear to be of the same family as Ralph Waddington, master of the Grammar School in the Hospital of Christ Church, London, for forty-eight years, who died in 1614, aged eighty-four years, and was buried in the cloisters near the school. A small monument with epitaph was erected in the wall. a GEORGE MARSHALL. A. V. E. CHURCH TOWER BUTTRESSES (8th S. x. 494; xi. 51, 136, 318, 394, 451). Why Ruskin's "BUCK" (8th S. xi. 409).-This word, in the plates of a Venetian and a British tower should be Anglo-Indian sense of " to boast," is fully explained called a "beautiful drawing" of one and caricature" of the other, I cannot fancy. Both Barrère and Leland. This is scarcely the meaning in the 'Dictionary of Slang, Jargon, and Cant' of are correct, I am told, and to one scale. That the of the term so freely used to-day. "Buck up' Venetian has "five buttresses on each side," how-means no more than "cheer up"; hence "doing a ever, I deny in any sense the word commonly buck," i. e., making a great effort. The Irish term bears. It applies to props decreasing and ending "running a buck" (polling a bad vote), mentioned before the wall or building they strengthen. If in the dictionary, is to be found in 'Charles you extend the term to such as strengthen the O'Malley.' St. Mark's tower, it would equally follow that that of Bloomsbury has two on each face. But either of these towers has, as MR. STREET says, "Walls as Bakna is Hindustani for talk. """How can he thick as the buttresses," their upper story covering speak?' said I. 'He's done the work. The two them. Buttresses, as commonly so called, have don't go together. But, Infant, you're ordered been universal for boundary walls, bearing no to bukh.' 'What about? I'll try.' 'Bukh about roofs; but for roofed buildings they are not a daur. You've been on heaps of 'em,' said Nevin " ancient, nor general, the great church of Sancta ('A Conference of the Powers,' Rudyard Kipling). Sophia seeming to have set the example. The HORACE WM. NEWLAND. attempt to decorate its four huge buttresses utterly fails, but it led the way to all Gothic buttresses. The next step was a flying buttress, but I cannot tell where. The earliest I know are at St. Mary Sefton Park, Liverpool. 'HISTORY OF PICKWICK' (8th S. xi. 225, 341, 414, 473).—In alluding to the famous cricket match, played between All Muggleton and Dingley Dell, C, C. B. mentions baving frequently seen the runs notched on a stick. A few days since I took part in a cricket match played between this and a neighbouring village. The official scorers were, of course, provided with the orthodox scoring books. When we were packing up our kit, an old agricultural labourer, who had watched the game with much interest, came up to ask what number of runs had been obtained. Then, pointing with pride to two sets of notches, which he had made on the handle of a hoe he had with him, he invited us to check them and see if his score did not tally with ours. On learning that his notches were accurate, he told us how that, when he was a boy, notches cut on a stick was the only and recognized method of scoring at cricket matches. JOHN T. PAGE. West Haddon, Northamptonshire. DE BRUS (8th S. viii. 348, 473; xi. 457).-Was not Brix named from the family, though after it may have been the reverse way? Miss Cumming Bruce, who has written of the Bruce family with the greatest fulness (so far as I know), makes the Breos or Braiose family of Sussex and South Wales descend from the elder son of Ragnvald Bruses on and the Bruces of Skelton and Annandale from the second son; Ragnvald (d. 1046) was the son of Bruse (d. 1035), the second son of the great Orkney Jarl Sigurd Digre, killed at Clontarf battle, 18 April 1014. The elder son of Ragnvald was (so Miss C. Bruce suggests) Ulf, and she seems to think he took the name of Ragnvald (softened to Reginald) on his baptism. The brother of Ulf, named Eyliff, took the name of Robert, and built Brix, so Miss Bruce says. Worsaae does not mention Rognald Brusesön's sons, but I think he confuses Sigurd Digre of the Orkneys with one a little later of Northumberland. Difference of arms is hardly of much account, as the Bruces of Annandale, clearly a branch of the Skelton Bruces, took entirely different arms. So the Gower De Breoses, an undoubted offshoot, or rather the main stem of the Gwent family, bore an entirely different coat, partly resembling the Skelton line. The first Norman De Braosa that I have ever seen of proved existence is William de Braosa, whose mother Gunnora, then a nun of Holy Trinity, Caen, gave land to that house-so charter of confirmation, William the Conqueror. Aston Clinton. T. W. BÉRANGER AND WILLIAM MORRIS (8th S. xi. 345, 415).-There can be but little doubt that William Morris would have described himself as "the idle singer of an empty day," even if Béranger had not described himself in somewhat similar terms. The two poets belong to the same age, and although they differ materially in temperament and treatment, it is but natural they should express themselves in a like fashion. I do not suggest that Morris was indebted to Béranger, but only that they have each expressed the same idea in somewhat similar language. Coincidences of this kind are not rare in poetry, and should not be held to imply conscious imitation on the part of the later poet. I have recently come across a passage, in a powerful little poem by Ada Negri, authoress of Fatalità,' entitled, 'Hai lavorato? published only last year, in which Morris's expression "an empty day "is exactly reproduced, and yet it is improbable that the gifted authoress was acquainted with the Earthly Paradise.' The poetess, addressing her gentlemanly lover, asks him what he has done, and concludes with this powerful invective :— Non m'importe di te, va, ti disprezzo the two poets Béranger and Morris than appear Of heaven and hell I have no power to sing, Nor hope again for all that I can say. That is the poet's humility. He cannot, perhaps, do these things, but he can make life more pleasant. He can picture to us a time which never existed, peopled by those "who living not can ne'er be dead." This is more than many more ambitious poets have accomplished, notwithstanding their pretensions and the assistance of the muse. JOHN HEBB. Willesden Green. MR. CALDER is evidently referring to two of the WARD AND MARRIAGE (8th S. xi. 407).— incidents attaching to one of the feudal tenures, that of knight service. They were called "wardship" and "marriage." Wardship was the right which belonged to the lord of having the custody of the person and land of an infant vassal, without having to account for the profits of the land, to the age of twenty-one if a male, and fourteen, increased to sixteen in 1275 by the statute of Westminster i., if a female. The heir male was supposed to be incapable of performing knight service till twenty-one, but the female was supposed to be capable of marrying at fourteen, and then her husband might perform the service. It was, like other feudal incidents, often the source of great exaction. Henry I., in his Charter of Liberties, regulated it, and made the widow or next-of-kin guardian of the land and children. By the Assize of Northampton the wardship was expressly given to the lord. Magna Charta provided that guardians should only take just and fair profits, and should not abuse their trust. So I read in Fielden's Short Constitutional History of England,' 1895, "Marriage was the right of disposing of the infant wards in matrimony by the guardian." In the latest edition of 'Williams on Real Property,' the references for that statement are "Glan. vii. 12; Bract. 80b-91b; Fleta, fo. 9; Britt. liv. ch. ii." Mr. Williams proceeds : "And if a male heir refused a suitable match, he was to forfeit a sum of money equal to the value of the marriage-that is, what the suitor was willing to pay down to the lord as the price of marrying his ward; and double the market value was to be forfeited if a male ward presumed to marry without his lord's consent. (Stats. 20 Hen. III. c. 6, 7-3 Edw. I. c. 22; Litt. 8. 110.) If a female heir refused the match tendered by her lord, he might hold her lands until she attained twenty-one, and further until he had taken the value of the marriage. (Stat. Edw. I. c. 22; Co. Litt. 79a.)" Another tenure, that of free socage, was also subject to the incidents of wardship and marriage; but, according to Williams, in free socage these rights devolved "not upon the lord, but upon the nearest relation to whom the inheritance could not descend; and by a statute of Henry III, the guardian in socage was made accountable to the heir for the profits of the land, and prohibited from selling the marriage, save to the heir's advantage.-Glanv. vii. 11; Bract. fo. 87b, 91a; Fleta. fo. 5; Britton, liv. 3, ch. 2, § 5; Litt. 8.8. 123-125; Stat. of Marlborough, 52 Hen. III. i. 17. See Pollock and Maitland's History of English Law,' 1895, i. 302, 303, ii. 442.)" In 1225, as Henry III. was then only eighteen, Hubert de Burgh was justiciar. As the Crown was one of the largest landowners, I suppose, and Henry was always in debt, he is not likely to have let his own tenants in capite off very easily. In Green's Short History of the English People' it is stated that "three English earls, who were in royal wardship, were wedded by the king to foreigners.' Doubtless the king considered his royal matrimonial agency an excellent institution. When was the English word steamer invented? I HANWELL CHURCH (S. xi. 228, 274, 377, 471).-I hasten to assure MR. TATE that I had no intention of writing disparagingly of Camberwell, a church with which I have very dear associations. I mentioned it as being a work done before the firm was dissolved, although obviously there is much more Scott than Moffat in the design. The building is most beautiful, even if not quite "correct" in all its details. Hastings. EDWARD H. MARSHALL, M.A. PINCKNEY FAMILY (8th S. xi. 47, 412).-I have always understood that this name is of Norman territorial origin. From 'Magna Brit.' we learn that the Conqueror gave four manors in Northamptonshire to William Fitz Ansculph de Pinchengi, a Norman, one of his great captains. Later on the same fortunate recipient obtained, in addition, twenty-five lordships in Staffordshire, seven manors in Warwick, one in Wilts, and seven in Surrey. Gilo, the brother of Ansculph, received at the same time the lordships of Wedon and Morton-hence called Pinckney - Wedon and Morton-Pinckney-in Northamptonshire. It is somewhat remarkable that so little should be upon record concerning a family who for nine generations after the Conquest held baronial rank, one of whose members was a Magna Charta baron, and another a claimant of the crown of Scotland, and who in Plantagenet times owned no fewer than thirteen lordships in Northamptonshire alone. When the Baron Henry de Pinckney, of Wedon, having no issue, surrendered his lands to King Edward I. in 1301, and so extinguished the baronial rank, the family sank into comparative obscurity. But it was far from becoming then extinct, there being at least two flourishing junior lines in Northamptonshire-seated at Steane and Morton-Pinckney-while a third was probably located in Norfolk. According to a pedigree in Baker's Northants' (vol. ii. 107) these were certainly in existence in the reign of Edward III. From that period for nearly a century and a half we lose sight of the name, save for a few references in the Cal. Inq. post Mortem and similar records from which we gather that individuals of the name were scattered over Northamptonshire, Norfolk, Berks, and Bucks. Towards the middle of the fifteenth century we find a Pinckney family seated at Silton Pagnell or Peynell, in Yorkshire. Whether these were descended from the old baronial line is not clear. Their arms, Argent, four fusils in pale, within a border engrailed, sable, while similar, were different in tinctures from the Pinckneys of Northants, the latter being Or, four fusils in fesse, gules. A pedigree of the Yorkshire Pinckneys may be seen in the 'Visitations' of 1585 and 1612, and so far I have been unable to collect many material additions to the information there given. But the names of Leonard, Launcelot, and Christopher, common to that line, are met with in marriage licences in the Gent. Mag. and elsewhere down to the last century, so that it is doubtful if the line has failed. Another and apparently more widely spread Pinkney family has long been located in Wiltshire. These bear arms similar in tinctures to those of the old baronial house, from which, indeed, they have long traditionally claimed to descend. At the Visitation of Wiltshire, 1623, these arms were allowed them and their pedigree inserted. The earliest known reference to this line appears to be the wills of Thomas and John Pinckney, both of Uphaven, Wilts, and proved in the P.C.C. in 1504 and 1508 respectively. From these two, possibly brothers, appear to have sprung the Pinckneys of Rushall, Charlton, Milston, and Durrington, of whom descendants are known to this day, and pedigrees have been more or less worked out. Monuments to the Pinckneys exist in Charlton Church, and numerous entries are to be found in the registers of Milston, Charlton, Great Bedwin, Durrington, Rushall, and Wilsford. The Pinckneys of South Carolina, well known in American history-one of these, General Charles C. Pinckney, was the friend and aide-de-camp of Washington, while his brother, Major-General Thomas Pinckney was U.S. Ambassador to England and Spain-bear the arms of the Yorkshire Pinckneys. It may be noted that the Wiltshire and the Yorkshire lines are styled respectively the "golden" and "silver" Pinckneys, from the colours of their shields. Leigh, Lancashire. W. D. PINK. I quarter the Pinckney coat, Or, five fusils in fess gules, and the following extract from the Barnard pedigree may serve as a small contribution towards the history of the family : originally settled in Thanet, where their arms CRIMINAL FAMILY (8th S. xi. 226).—The heredity of criminality is no longer a mere matter for idle curiosity, but an acknowledgedly important item in the science of criminology. Mr. Havelock Ellis, in his The Criminal' (Walter Scott, 1890), Pp. 100-102, says, quoting a name unpleasantly like my own: "The so called 'Jukes' family of America is the largest criminal family known, and its history, which Crime, Pauperism, Disease, aud Heredity,' by R. L. Dughas been carefully studied [The Jukes: a Study in dale, Putnams, New York, 1877], is full of instruction. The number of individuals thus traced reaches 709; the real aggregate is probably 1,200. This vast family while it has included a certain proportion of honest workers, has been on the whole a family of criminals and prostitutes, of vagabonds and paupers. Of all the men not twenty were skilled workmen, and ten of these learnt their trade in prison; 180 received out-door relief to the extent of an aggregate of 800 years; or. making allowances for the omissions in the record, 2,300 years. Of The average of prostitution among the marriageable the 709 there were 76 criminals, committing 115 offences. women down to the sixth generation was 52 40 per cent.; the normal average has been estimated at 1.66 per cent. There is no more instructive study in criminal heredity than that of the Jukes family." THOMAS J. JEAKES. INDUCTION AT DORKING (8th S. xi. 489).-There can be little doubt that tetigi sacra is a phrase representing that formal touching of the ornaments of the altar, &c., which was at one time part of the symbolism of clerical investiture. Of course I cannot speak of the practice in England, but I presume that prior to the Reformation the usage on both sides of the Border must have been very much the same, so that it is not surprising if sixteenth century method in the west of Scotland can be adduced to parallel a south English induction "Sir John Barnard, Kt., lord of the manors of Abing- in 1622. In the Diocesan Registers of Glasgow' ton, &c., and of Dodington and Earl's Barton, Northants, -one of the many books of primely valuable jure uxoris, s. and h. [of his father Sir John Barnard, record on whose title-pages appears editorially the Kt., Valectus domini regis Ric. III., lord of the manors of Abington, &c., Northants, slain at Bosworth], æt. 16 name of Mr. Joseph Bain-there are numerous esch, 1 Hen. VII., d. 20 Aug. 23 Hen. VII., esch. 24 Hen. notarial attestations of the investiture of persons VII, N. 88. Margaret, d. and h. of John Daundelyn in ecclesiastical benefices of various kinds. and grand-daughter of William Daundelyn of Dodington show how close is the relationship betwixt some Magna, Northants, æt. 8 esch. 20 Ed. IV., dead 24 Hen. of these and that cited by MR. PAGE, it will suffice VII. This Daundelyn marriage brought three heiress coats to the Barnards: (1) Daundelyn, Az., a bordure to quote alongside of the Dorking formula gules bezanty, a canton argent; (2) Champaign, or ("Accepi clavem, intravi solus, oravi, tetigi sacra, Champion, of Lincolnshire [a coheiress, the other pulsavi campanas ") that contained in the protocol Foucher], Or fretty sable; (3) Pinck-recording the ceremonial sasine of Sir John Heriot as vicar pensioner of the parish church of Drymen I have a note that the family of Daundelyn in Stirlingshire in 1511. The notary tells, with (Dent de lion?) were of Norman origin, and all appropriate circumstance and phrase, that he = coheiress = ...... ney (as above).” To |