THE TOMB OF WASHINGTON. leaves, furnishing the most appropriate drapery for MOUNT VERNON is situated on the western bank of such a place, and giving a still deeper impression to the Potomack river, in Virginia, about fifteen miles the memento mori. Interspersed among the rocks, below the city of Washington, and eight miles from and overhanging the tomb, is a copse of red-cedar ; Alexandria. It rises about two hundred feet above but whether native or transplanted, is not stated. the surface of the river, and was designated Mount Its evergreen boughs present a fine contrast to the Vernon, in honour of Admiral Vernon, who conduct- hoary and leafless branches of the oak; and while ed an expedition against the Spaniards, in which the deciduous foliage of the latter indicates the Lawrence Washington served. Lawrence Wash- decay of the body, the eternal verdure of the former, ington was the brother of the president, and the furnishes a beautiful emblem of the immortal spirit.” original proprietor of this delightful seat. Mount Vernon subsequently passed into the hands of the general, who resided there with his family when retired from the publick service. There his ashes now repose, together with those of his wife and several relatives of his family. "The mansion in which Washington resided till his death," says Reynolds, "is a plain edifice of wood, cut in imitation of freestone, two stories high, surmounted by a cupola, and ninety-six feet in length, with a portico in the rear, overlooking the river, extending the whole length of the building. The central part of this edifice was erected by Lawrence Washington, who named it Mount Vernon; the two wings were afterwards added by the general, who caused the ground to be planted and beautified in the most tasteful manner. The house fronts northwest, looking on a beautiful lawn of five or six acres, with a serpentine walk around it, fringed with shrubbery and planted with poplars." The ancient family-vault, in which Washington's dust first reposed, was situated under the shade of a little grove of forest-trees, a short distance from the mansion-house, and near the brow of the precipitous bank of the river. Small and unadorned, this humble sepulchre stood in a most romantick spot, and could be distinctly seen by travellers, as they passed in boats and vessels up and down the river. Within two years, however, the ashes of the father of his country have been removed from that place, now designated by a white picket fence, to one near the corner of a beautiful enclosure, where the river is concealed from view. This site was selected by him during life, for a tomb, and is about two hundred yards southwest from the house, and about one hundred and fifty from the bank of the Potomack. "A more romantick and picturesque site for a tomb," says a late writer, can scarcely be imagined. Between it and the river Potomack is a curtain of forest-trees, covering the steep declivity to the water's edge, breaking the glare of the prospect, and yet affording glimpses of the river, even when the foliage is thickest. The tomb is surrounded by several large native oaks, which are venerable by their years, and which annually strew the sepulchre with autumnal 66 When Lafayette was last in the United States, he visited the tomb of his ancient friend and companion. That visit is thus touchingly described by M. Levasseur:-" As we approached, the door of the tomb was opened Lafayette descended alone into the vault, and a few minutes after he reappeared with his eyes overflowing with tears. He took his son and myself by the hand, and led us into the tomb, where, by a sign, he indicated the coffin of his paternal friend, alongside of which was that of his companion in life, united for ever to him in the grave. We knelt reverently near his coffin, which we respectfully saluted with our lips; rising, we threw ourselves into the arms of Lafayette, and mingled our tears with his." "Flow gently, Potomack! thou washest away When youth brush'd his cheek with her wing; THE FIVE SENSES. THE SENSE OF SIGHT. No. VI.--DIFFERENCES All the works of the creation are stamped with the characters of infinity. Each individual of the mighty whole stands as the focus of an ever-varying radiance, the generick type of endless specifick differences. This truth, as we are about to show, is prettily exemplified in the variety of forms and colours which the glorious Creator has bestowed state of our native land, these differences must have upon the human eye. In travelling from state to engaged the attention of the most unobserving. The varieties which these remarks present to our consideration, may be divided into those which are peculiar to nations, sexes, and trades, and are chiefly those which result from different modifications of colour and form. 1. NATIONAL DIFFERENCES. 1. COLOUR.-The differences of eyes, as a nanected with the colours peculiar to the skin, and tional distinction, are found to be very closely conmay, by a very broad generalization, be thus classed : 1. Nations composed of people with VERY WHITE skins, have usually BLUE EYES, gradating in some districts into all the varieties of GRAY. Persons with red hair have a greenish tinge upon the iris. Examples-Germans, Danes, Swedes, Dutch, British, and Circassians. 2. Nations with WHITE skins have usually BLACK eyes. Examples-French, Poles, and generally the inhabitants of lower Western Asia, and Northern Africa. 3. Nations with BROWNISH-WHITE skins usually have DEEP-HAZEL coloured eyes. Examples-Southern Europeans and Eastern Asiaticks. 4. Nations with OLIVE skins usually have BROWN or DULL-ORANGE coloured eyes. Examples.-Hottentots, Mongolians, and the tribes of Upper Asia. 5. Nations with RED or COPPER coloured skins usually have REDDISH-BROWN eyes. Examples.-Aboriginal Americans. 6. Nations with BROWN Skins usually have BLACKISH-BROWN eyes. Examples.-Malacca, and the islands of the dian and Pacifick oceans. 7. Nations with BLACK skins always have tensely BLACK eyes. |ly seated, and protrude but little. 3. The nature of the appendages.-These vary so much, that we can only point to a few examples. The European eyebrow is thick and shaggy; that of the negro, thin and narrow. The eyelids of the former, light, and well-drawn asunder, exposing the ball, and giving an air of intelligence and generosity to the expression; those of the latter, large and heavy, particularly the upper one, which generally hangs half over the front of the eyeball, and very much debases the countenance. The inhabitants of snowy countries usually have large lids, which, from habit, are kept nearly closed. The Chinese have short lashes, with long openings to the lids. These, with a thousand little intermediate peculiarities, greatly influence the physiognomical character of nations, and, as we shall presently see, are also of great use in contributing to the formation of perfect vision under the peculiar circumstances of the countries in which they are found. II. SEXUAL DIFFERENCES. The eye of the male is, as might be expected, larger and bolder than that of the female, which is In-small, and delicately formed. The parts connected Examples.-The natives of Central Africa, New Holland, Van Diemen's Land, &c. 2. Form.-National differences of form do not admit of being so distinctly classed as those of colour; indeed, so little has been recorded on the subject, that we are only able to state a few brief particulars collected from the statements of travellers, who, it is to be regretted, very commonly pass over the natural history of the countries they visit, and confine their attention to the mouldering walls of perished cities, and the personal oddities of their journeys. with the former are also characterized by a greater in-thickness, as well as by numerous lesser variations. In the male, the eyelids are more muscular, with a harder skin than is possessed by the female, in which latter sex they have less energy, and greater smoothness. This imparts an air of great gentleness and timidity, with a degree of pensiveness, to the female eye, which beautifully distinguishes it from the bold and forcible expression of the same organ in man. The male brow is thicker, with a greater projection than in the female, owing to the increased size of the corrugator* muscles, which are so small in woman that she frowns with difficulty; the hairs of the brow are also thicker, coarser, and do not lie close to the skin, as they do in the female. In man, the upper lid is more elevated, so as to appear smaller; the fold is therefore larger, and nearer the eyebrow than in woman. The openings between the eyelids are wider and rounder, the angles at the corners are greater, and the margin of each is broader. The eyelashes are thick, and not so fine. Added to all this, the apparatus for secreting tears is less than in the woman, whose eyes are consequently more humid, and upon whose lids the tear of sensibility more often glitters. It is to this circumstance the mildness and brilliancy of a woman's eye is to be attributed. Man frowns upon his enemies, but his fair partner weeps over their hostility. Differences of form in the eye may be reduced to those which depend on size, situation, and the nature of the appendages. 1. Size. The eyes of the temperate regions are usually large, and those of the cold and tropical climates small. The eyes of the European, the Moor, and the Kalmuck, may be taken as examples of the former; and those of the Laplanders, the Esquimaux, the Hindoos, and the Negroes, of the latter. 2. Situation. This character regards the distance of the eyes apart, the obliquity of their position, and the depth of their insertion. The whole of the Mongolian tribes, as the Chinese, Japanese, Tartars, &c., have the eyes placed at a considerable distance asunder, and the space between them very broad and flat. This is a very distinctive mark, and gives an expression of great heaviness and vulgarity to the countenance. The Esquimaux face is similarly characterized. Savage nations have their eyes placed obliquely, and not at right angles, to the nose. This is particularly remarkable in the American Indians, the Bushmen of Southern Africa, and forms a very marked contrast to the horizontal eyes of Italy, or, indeed, to those of any civilized people. The extremes of depth in the insertion of eyes may be found in the Cossacks, Russians, Australians, Moors, Jews, &c., which are very prominent, being placed in shallow orbits, and in the Malays, Hottentots, Dutch, and American Indians, &c., which are deep III. DIFFERENCES WHICH RESULT FROM THE PRACTICE OF It may be questioned by some, whether these differences are sufficiently well marked and permanent to enable us to seize on any general characters for their indication. We think a moment's consideration of the effects which certain avocations have upon the bodily frame would immediately remove such an impression; for if it be allowed that a porter grows more robust by the carriage of his loads, the sailor's hand more broad and clenching who sails in rougher seas, or the weaver's limbs more wan * The corrugator muscles, are those which knit or corrugate the brows. and wasted by his sedentary mode of life, we think it must be readily granted that so delicate an organ as the eye will undergo similar changes, under similar affections. But let us point to facts. mention, may have been, that each eye might be fitted to the temperament and circumstances of the individual. This is evidently true, as it regards nations, and the inhabitants of peculiar districts; and if God has so ordered it in the major case, is it not more than probable that his ordination extends to the minor, and especially where a self-apparent necessity for it exists? We believe that it does. The intense blackness of the iris in a negro, by absorbing the sun's rays, prevents that delicate instrument from being burnt. His eyelids are larger and thicker than the European's, and placed so as to give the eye the appearance of being buried deeply in the skin of the face; the hair of his head and body is every where short and woolly, but the hair of his eyelashes is long and straight, for the obvious purpose, in connexion with the size of the lids, of shading the eye from the otherwise destructive brilliancy of the sun. For these reasons, and a thousand similar ones which we could adduce, we believe that the eyes of every man are especially adapted, by their own peculiarities, to meet his particular exigences, and to augment his joys. The eye of a watchmaker, or any minute mechanist, has usually a prying, piercing expression, but seems restless in the performance of long vision. An astronomer, or any one in the habitual use of optical instruments, commonly has one eye strong, and the other weak. This results from the habits such persons acquire of using one and the same eye continually, for their observations; and of directing their whole thoughts at the time to that one avenue of vision. The unused eye in this case becomes, in the course of time, half blind; and the symmetry of expression in the eyes is consequently destroyed. Sailors, from the constant usage of their sight to long distances, acquire a dull, flattened eyeball, and walk in the vicinity of near objects with a vacant apathetick look, which is very remarkable. Sweeps, engineers, pitmen, millers, and others whose professions oblige them to spend much of their time in the midst of dust, have very heavy lids, from the constant practice of keeping them half closed for defence; and a discoloured cornea, occasioned by the irritation of the blood-vessels with dust. Compositors and engravers usually have a full eyeball, with the orbicular muscles well devel- Extracted from a late publication, entitled, "An Excursion from Sidoped. The latter are remarkable for the strength of their eyes in old the effect of the constant and age, equal use to which all their parts are subjected. An industrious use of the eyes contributes much to the durability of their powers. Glassblowers have very protuberant eyes, while those of bakers are sunk and flat. The eyes of a soldier move with great A judge, on the northwest circuit in Ireland, tried quickness, the result of discipline, which shows it- a cause, in which much of the local consequence of self as much in the private circle, as in the publick a gentleman in the neighbourhood was implicated. ranks. In this way we might multiply examples, but our limits permit us only to add another. The eye of the industrious farmer, refreshed by fields of living green, unsullied by the smoke of cities, free from the demoralizing traits of trading flattery, but too often deadened by ignorance and hereditary prejudice, offers to our view, in favourable cases, the organ in its best state, open, strong-sighted, expressive, and well defended. In conclusion, we have only to remark on what appears to be the designs of the all-wise God in causing this great diversity in the forms and colours of the human eye and its appendages. But here we know so little, that in attempting only to conjecture them, we are in danger of "darkening counsel by words without knowledge." The designs of God, like his "commandments," are so "exceeding broad," that in stating them we can scarcely avoid placing limits to his illimitable wisdom, and of giving one reason, where a million really exist. With this acknowledgment, we may venture to believe, that one object to be attained by these differences, was, that one man might be distinguished from another; for had all eyes been alike, one great source of personal identity would have been destroyed. Another obJect may have been the perfection of human beauty, and the heightening of our enjoyment of it by the addition of interminable variety. The keenest appetite palls under sameness, and we all like our own possessions least-thus hath the Creator stooped to our indulgences. And a third reason, the last we shall THE INTREPID JURYMAN. mouth (in Devonshire) to Chester." BY THE REV. EDMUND BUTCHER. I cannot help congratulating our country upon the inestimable value of trial by jury: I have lately met with a proof of its excellence which ought not to be forgotten. It was a landlord's prosecution against one of his tenants, for assault and battery, committed on the person of the prosecutor by the defendant, in rescuing his only child, an innocent and beautiful girl, from personal violation. When the defendant was brought into court, the prosecutor also appeared, and swore to every fact laid down in the indictment. The poor defendant had no lawyer to tell his story-he, however, pleaded his own cause effectually, appealing to the judgment and the heart. The jury found him not guilty. The judge was enraged, and told the jury they must go back and reconsider the matter: adding, he was astonished at their giving such an infamous verdict. The jury bowed, went back, in a quarter of an hour returned, when the foreman, a venerable old man, thus addressed the bench: " My lord, in compliance with your desire, we went back to our room; but as we there found no reason to alter our opinions or our verdict, we return it to you, in the same words as before-not guilty. We heard your lordship's reproof; but we do not accept it as properly applying to us. Individually and in our private capacities, it is true, we are insignificant men; we claim nothing out of this box, above the common regard due to our humble, yet honest stations; but, my lord, assembled here as a jury, we cannot be insensible of the great importance of the office we now sustain. We feel glad that we are appointed, as you are, by the law and the constitution, not only to act impartially between the king and his subjects, the offended and the offender, but to form the barrier of the people, against the possible influence, prejudice, or corruption of the bench; to which we do not wish to offer the smallest degree of disrespect, much less of insult; we pay it the respect which one tribunal should pay to another, for the common honour of both. This jury did not accuse the bench of partiality or oppression-no, we looked upon it as the sanctuary of truth and justice; still, my lord, we cannot erase from our minds the records of our school books. By them we were taught that kings and judges are but fallible mortals; and that the seat of justice has been polluted by a Tressilian, a Scroggs, and a Jeffreys." The judge frowned at these words, but the intrepid juror thus proceeded:-"My lord, I am but a poor man, yet I am a freeborn subject and a member of the constitution-nay, I am now higher, for I am one of its representatives; I therefore claim for myself and fellow-jurors, liberty of speech." THE CORACLE. The judge here resumed his complacency and the orator continued his address :-"We have nothing to do, my lord, with your private character in this place, it is veiled by your official one: we know you here only in that of a judge, and, as such, we would respect you-you know nothing of us but as a jury; and in that situation, we look to you for reciprocal respect, because we know of no man, however high his titles or his rank, in whom the law of the constitution would warrant an unprovoked insult towards Coracles, or trucklez, as they are sometimes callthat tribunal, in which they have vested the dearest privileges they possess. We sit here, my lord, ed, are small boats used by the fishermen in the sworn to give a verdict according to our consciences, small lakes and rivers of Scotland. They seem to and the best of our judgments, on the evidence be a remnant of the primitive inland navigation of before us. We have, in our minds, discharged our the ancient Britons, and are doubtless the same as If we have erred, we are duty as honest men. accountable, not to your lordship, nor to the king who appointed you: but to a higher power, the KING of kings!" The bench was dumb, the bar silent; astonishment and applause murmured through the crowd, and the poor man was discharged. the portable boats used by the Scots and Picts in crossing the rivers to invade England. They are dissimilar to any thing of the kind we have in use in this country, and are of an oval shape. Like our Indian canoes, however, they are made of raw hide or pitched canvass, stretched over a few slight ribs of wood, or over a wicker-work frame; but they are only capable of holding each one man. They are invery easily upset, and it is difficult for a person experienced ever to get into one of them and set it afloat, as, unless the weight is exactly in the centre, the coracle rolls over stern uppermost. The fisherThis axe was preserved by the Spanish conquer-men, however, use them with facility, working a padors, and during the time of Charles V. was deposited dle with one hand and fishing with the other. in a collection of curiosities at the royal palace of Am MONTEZUMA'S BATTLE-AXE. bras, near Inspruck. On the invasion by Bona- When the day is over, the boats are so very light, parte, they were all removed to Vienna, where they that the fishermen throw them across their shoulders now form what is called the Ambras samlung, and and carry them home. In case of a storm, they may serve as an excellent hood or umbrella are worthy of particular attention. The axe is of basalt, of a green colour, with white spots, and bears a resemblance to many which are seen in Ohio and the adjacent parts. The handle is of hard wood, and about three feet in length; at the thicker end is a socket into which the stone was let, and was then secured in its proper place with twine. Silliman's Journal. Calumny crosses oceans, scales mountains, and traverses deserts, with greater ease than the Scyththian Abaris, and like him ridesupon a poisoned arrow. Love is an alchymist that can transmute poison into food-and a spaniel, that prefers even punishment from one hand, to caresses from another. But it is in love, as in war, we are often more indebted for our success to the weakness of the defence, than to the energy of the attack; for mere idleness has ruined more women than passion, vanity more than idleness, and credulity more than either. CHYMISTRY. TABLE OF THE DISCOVERY OF METALS. Gold Silver GENERAL PROPERTIES OF METALS. Metals are distinguished from all other bodies by the following properties : Iron 1. They are all conductors of heat and elec- Tin tricity. 2. They are quite opaque, though reduced to very thin leaves.* 3. They are good reflectors of light, exhibiting a peculiar appearance, called the metallick lustre. 4. When combinations of these, with any of the preceding elements, are subjected to the action of the galvanick battery, the metals are separated at the negative pole of the battery. Every substance possessing these properties is regarded as a metal. The number of metals recognised by chymists is forty-one. Some metals are malleable, or are capable of being hammered out into thin sheets or leaves, such as sheet-iron, lead, and copper, gold and silver-leaf, and tinfoil. Gold possesses this property in a higher degree than any other metal. Some metals are ductile, or capable of being drawn into wires, for which gold, silver, iron, and copper are remarkable. very The relative weight of the metals is different. Gold and platinum are more than nineteen times heavier than water, while potasium is so light as to float upon its surface. Tenacity or strength. Iron is the most tenacious of all the metals; a wire about the size of a man's finger will support a weight of fifty thousand pounds. Antimony Arsenick Platinum Nickel Tungsten >Known to the Ancients. Described by Agricola, in Brandt, in Manganese Palladium Iridium Osmium Potassium Barium Calcium ferent. Described by Basil Valentine, 15th century. 1520 16th century. 1733 Wood, Assay Master, Jamaica, 1741 1751 Ghan and Scheele, 1774 1781 1782 1782 1789 1791 1797 1802 The discoveries of modern chymistry have materially added to the number of the metals, especially by associating with them a class of bodies which was formerly believed to be of a nature entirely difThe metallick bases of the alkalis and earths, previous to the year 1807, were altogether unknown; and before that date, the list of metals, Metals have considerable affinity for other bodies; with few exceptions, included those only which are hence they are rarely found native or pure. Silver, commonly employed in the arts, and which are gold, platinum, copper and a few others are frequent- hence often called the common metals. In consely found in a pure state, though most metals are ob-quence of this increase in number, it is found contained from the earth in the state of an ore, which generally consists of the metal combined with oxygen or sulphur, forming an oxyde or sulphuret. The separation of the metal from the oxygen or sulphur consists in heating the ore in contact with charcoal, which separates the impurities, and exhibits the metal in a pure state. This process is called the venient, for the purpose of description, to arrange them in separate groups; and as the alkalis and earths differ in several respects from the oxydes of other metals, it will be convenient to describe them separately. Turner accordingly divides the metals into the following classes : CLASS I.-Metals, which by oxydation yield alkalis or earths. CLASS II.-Metals, the oxydes of which are neither alkalis nor earths. CLASS I. This class includes twelve metals, which may properly be arranged in three orders. Order 1. Metallick bases of the alkalis. They are three in number; namely, Lithium. Potassium, Order 2. Metallick bases of the alkaline earth |