Military discipline was very strictly enforced. A bridle in his mouth, rods under his arm, and an apcorporal's guard was on duty every day, when the propriate label on his breast. In relation to the dismuskets were examined by the sergeants and corpo- tribution of rations, we desire to note one particular, rals. They were also on duty at one o'clock in the for the especial enlightenment of our modern comafternoon, and on Sunday at noon, when the gates missaries. No ardent spirits were permitted to be were shut. The transactions of every day, were circulated amongst the soldiers; but instead, every reported to the governour by a lieutenant or an en-seven men received per week a half vat of small sign. At nine o'clock, when the tap-toe was beaten, beer. all the soldiers and sailors were permitted to go to sleep, "without making any noise." There was an officer, but a grade only above a common soldier, called an adelborst, whose business it was to go the rounds and visit the sentinels, from time to time during the night, and also to see that the soldiers kept their barracks and dwellings clean, and that no dirt or water was thrown into the fort. The duty of the corporals was to see that the muskets were kept clean and well charged, and that the accoutrements were in good order; that not more than three or four men went at once to dine; that no strong liquor was introduced into the guard-house; that the soldiers were properly instructed and disciplined, and "that neither Dutch nor Englishmen entered the gates of the fort without permission, the magistrates of the city only excepted, much less that any person what-meesters; and the overseers of the fire engine insoever should walk on the batteries." They were obliged to read the code of military law every time they were on guard, "that no one might in future presume to pretend his ignorance."

The civil government, which was ostensibly vested in the governour and his council, was suffi ciently rigid perhaps to correspond with the military. Citizenship was divided into Groot Burgerrecht and Klein Burgerrecht, or great citizenship and small citizenship. Merchants and traders were not only compelled to pay a duty for the privilege of becoming small citizens, but also to pay a recognition duty, a duty to the publick wharf, a duty to the publick pack huy, or store-house, a duty to the overseer of the weigh-scales, and a duty to the cyck meester, or weigh-master, for marking their weights and measures in conformity to the true Amsterdam standard. A house was provided for orphans and widows, who were placed under wees meesters, or orphan masters. The city fences were viewed and regulated by roy

spected all reed and straw roofs and wooden chimneys. There was also a court-messenger, whose multifarious duties were, to summon parties to court, to await the orders of the governour and council, sing with the school, read in church on Sunday, assist in burying the dead, and attend in tolling the bell; a "first commissary of marriage affairs,” who determined all matrimonial controversies, an officer, by the bye, who would be of no small utility at the present day; a "comptroller of the revenues of the company's wind-mill," who inspected all grain before it was sent to the mill; and a city schoolmaster, who was ex-officio, clerk, chorister, and consoler of the sick!

This code, from all we can learn of it, must have been rather sanguinary and severe. The penalty for the first crime of blasphemy, was confinement on bread and water three days; the second offence was punished by perforating the offender's tongue with a hot iron, and banishing him the province. For mutiny; for leaving his corps de garde without permission from his corporal; for remaining at night out of the fort without permission of his captain; for challenging to fight; for disobeying his superiour; for "opposing himself to his officer or commander :" But notwithstanding the strictness of the military for neglecting his duty when on service; for leaving discipline, and the tidy care of the civil government, his post, or sleeping on guard, the soldier "should wholesome amusements of all kinds, were not only lose his life without any mercy." For wounding allowed, but encouraged amongst the citizens. They another so that blood ensued, he should lose his hand. consisted in dancing what were called the hipseyIf he went out or came into the fort except through saw, shuffle-shuffle, and simple reels, which were the ordinary gate, or cried for assistance in any fight doubtless quite as interesting as the modern galloor strife, he "should be hung and strangled." pade and waltz. Cards, nine-pins, balls and trickDrunkenness was punished by cashiering and ban-track were frequent, and "plucking the goose" afishing the offender from his company. If a soldier forded much amusement. They were wont also to did not appear on parade, he was placed on the amuse themselves in firing guns, beating the drum, wooden horse, whose back was not unlike a large and planting May-trees in new-year's and May-day. saw. All offenders were conducted to the gaol, the It was a custom, common among these people, when whipping-post, the wooden horse, the gallows, or to a marriage was celebrated, to plant a May-pole bethe transport ship, by an officer called the prevost fore the door of the bridegroom, bound around with marshall. If guilty of a libel on the good burgo-ragged stockings; the source whence this curious masters, then he was conducted to a stake, with a practice originated, we have not attempted to ex

plore. Parties of pleasure frequently sailed to Nut paid in seawant or beavers. Ten years before this, Island, now Governour's, Pavonia, now New Jersey, beavers were valued at £1.0.0. Seawant, was the or to "Breukelen ;" but we see no mention of boat- name of Indian money. It was called also wamracing; that peculiarity seems to belong to the de- pum, or peague. It consisted of beads formed of scendants of these ancient and honourable people. the shells of the quahaug, a species of clam. More In addition to these sports, they enjoyed the envia- strictly, the wampum, was taken from the pesible privilege of promenading the pleasure grounds winkle, and was white; while the quahaug beads of the city. To render ourselves intelligible to a were black. Their current value, was six beads of modern denizen of the town, we will explain, that the white, or three of the black, for an English we mean by pleasure grounds, "large open spaces penny. In the time of Governour Kieft, we are inremaining without buildings," for the health and formed, that a vast deal of bad seawant, “nasty comfort, convenience and pleasure of those who felt rough things imported from other places," was in disposed to walk upon them and draw a breath of circulation, while the "good splendid seawant, usupure air. Piscatory excursions by day and by night ally called Manhattan's seawant, was out of sight, or were frequent, and the ladies and gentlemen, girls exported, which must cause the ruin of the counand boys, were fond of rambling to the commons, try!" He, therefore, endeavoured to expel the now the city park, to gather nuts and strawberries! coarse seawant, by depreciating its value. A gilder Oftentimes, also, parties of pleasure were observed was 3s. 4d., a last, was 811 bushels, and a schepel walking and riding to the Lady's Valley, the Kolck, Bestevaars Kreupelbosch, the Bouwery, Corlear's Hook, Sapokanikan, Bloemend' Dal, Niew Harlaem, Spyt den Duyvel Kill, or even as far as Vreedendal.*

three fourths of a bushel.

DESCRIPTION OF THE ENGRAVING.

FIG. 1. The Capsey, now the Battery. The row of buildings nearest the fort, formed Pearl street, which then extended only to Whitehall street. Between Pearl street and the fort, stood the large wooden horse ten or twelve feet high, with an edged back, on which the culprit was seated, and his legs fastened with a chain to an iron stirrup, and some

Numerous orchards, gardens, pleasure grounds, arbours and forest trees, ornamented and shaded the city. The aspect of the town was diversified by hill and dale. Its eminences were clustered with buildings, and the whole formed a beautiful picture from the water. The city comprised many hand-times a weight was fastened to the foot. some houses, constructed of plain and glazed brick, 2, 3. The publick wharf and dock, built by the and of rock stone, and covered with red and black burgomasters of the city, about 1658. Here vessels tiles. It contained about three hundred buildings, loaded and unloaded, and a wharfage duty was exand twenty-five hundred inhabitants, including two acted of eight stivers per last. They are now a or three companies in garrison, and three companies part of Whitehall street.

of citizen soldiers.

4. An open space called markt-velt, or marketThe expenses incurred in repairing the fortifica- field, where a market was formerly held, and an antions, and providing for the publick defence, amount-nual fair or cattle-show. A lane ran from this field ed this year, 1673, to eleven thousand gilders. In to Broad street, and has been called Marketfield consequence of these "excessive expenses," a tax street, and Petticoat lane. was levied upon the wealthiest inhabitants, " as often similar occurrences had been put in practice in our Fatherland." One hundred and thirty-four estates were taxed, which in the aggregate were valued at about £95,000, a sum which would hardly equal a fourth part of the value of the individual property of some of the descendants of those "wealthy inhabitants."

Gold and silver were very scarce in the ancient city, and the currency in very unsound and fluctuating state. The ministers of the gospel, and the West India company's officers and servants, were

*Note. Bestevaars Kreupelbosch, was Grandfather's underwood. The Kolck, was the fresh pond a little north of the spot now called the swamp. Sapokanikan, is now Greenwich village. Bloemend' Dal, is Bloomingdale. Vreedendal, is now Wostchester.

5.

The market house, erected in 1656.

6.

A bridge across the Gentlemen's canal.

7.

Smet-straet, now Hanover square.

8.

Smet or Smith street lane, afterwards called

Sloat lane.

9. The Burger's, or citizen's path.

10. The city wall, made of earth, thrown up from a moat dug in 1653, from the East to the North river, at first four or five feet deep and ten or eleven On the top of this broad, sloping at the bottom. wall, was a closely connected line of palisades, extending from the Water gate along the north side of the present Wall street to the North river.

11. The Lady's Valley, a fashionable resort in the days of Governour Kieft, denominated afterwards Maagdepaetje, or Virgin's path, and now known as Maiden lane. In 1692, it was called

Green lane, and the land between it and the block | them could be found. He told me that he supposed house was sold for twenty shillings per foot. I myself was one of them, as I made the proposi

A. Fort Orange, or Albany Sloops. In the East tion, and he supposed I could contribute a hundred river is seen the Surrinam, besides some smaller gilders! I replied that I agreed to do so, and that vessels, as the "Snaeuw, and the City Leghter." as he was governour, he should be the first. We When foreign vessels arrived, all the "skippers, bar- then elected Jochem Pietersz Kuyter, who having a quiers, and boatsmen in the city," were commanded set of good hands, would soon procure good timber, to secure themselves under the stern of the Surri- he being also a devout Calvinist. We elected also nam, under penalty of having all their vessels burnt. Jan Claesz Damen, because he lived near the fort, In the time of Van Twiller and Kieft, but few ves- and thus we four "kerk meesters" formed the first sels arrived; but during Stuyvesant's administration consistory to superintend the building of the church. the arrivals were quite numerous. The governour should furnish a few thousand gilders B. The flag staff. When vessels arrived the of the company's money, and would try to raise the flag was hoisted. remainder by subscription. The church should be C. Fort Amsterdam, called James Fort by the built in the fort where it would be free from the English. In 1673, it was " Fort William Hendrick." depredations of the Indians, The building was It was erected in 1635, by Gov. Van Twiller, neg-soon started of stone, and was covered by English lected by Kieft, repaired and surrounded by a stone carpenters with slate, split of oak wood." The wall by Gov. Stuyvesant, and demolished and the ground levelled in 1790 and '91. It was situated directly south of the Bowling Green, on high ground, was a regular square, with four bastions, two gates, and forty-two cannon.

building was 72 feet long, 52 broad, and 16 feet high, and cost upwards £416. The town bell was removed to this church, and was appropriated for a variety of singular uses.

F. The governour's house, built by Van Twiller, D. The stone prison house, or gaol. partly of logs and brick. The secretary's office E. Gereformeerde Kerck. The Reformed Dutch was at the north gate, at the north-east bastion of Church was erected within the fort, by Governour the fort. From this office the first post rider started, Kieft, in 1642, the first church on this island. It in the commencement of this year, (1673) to go was of stone, and covered with oak shingles, which once a month "to Boston, and Hartford, Connecticut, exposed to the weather, soon resembled slate. The and other places along the road." "In obedience manner in which this church was founded is thus to his sacred majesty's commands, who enjoynes all related by Captain David Pietersz de Vriez, who his subjects, in their distinct colonyes, to enter into performed three voyages to New Netherlands, and a strict allyance and correspondency with each attempted a colony on the Delaware, and another other, as likewise for the advancement of negotiaon Staten Island:" As I was every day with tion, trade and civil commerce, and for a more Commander Kieft, dining generally at his house speedy intelligence and dispatch of affayres," the when I happened to be at the fort, he told me one messenger was appointed to proceed on the first of day that he had now made a fine tavern, built with January of this year. It was accordingly proclaimed, stone, for the English, by whom, as they passed that "If any, therefore, have any letters or small continually with their vessels from New England to portable goods to bee conveyed to Hartford, ConVirginia, he had suffered much, and who now might necticott, Boston, or any other parts in the road, they take lodgings there. I told him this was very good shall bee carefully delivered according to the difor travellers, but that we wanted very badly a church rections, by a sworne messenger and post, who is for our people. It was a shame that when the En- purposely employed in that affayre." glish passed, they should see nothing but a mean barn, in which we performed our worship; on the contrary, the first thing that they in New England did, when they had built fine dwellings, was to erect a fine church we ought to do the same, it being H. The weigh, or balance, erected by Gov. supposed that the West India Company were very Stuyvesant, and the standard weights and measures zealous in protecting the Reformed Church (Calvin-kept in the balance-house, were according to those ist) against the Spanish tyranny, that we had good of the city of Amsterdam.

G. The magazines or publick store houses, or Pack-huysen of the Dutch West India Company, the "lords patroons" of this city, were situated in Winckel straet, now Stone street.

materials for it, fine oak wood, fine building stone, 1. The Heeren Gracht, or Gentleman's Canal, good lime made of oyster shells, being better than now Broad street. It was called the Moat, in Kieft's our lime in Holland. Kieft asked me then who would like to attend to this building? I replied the lovers of the reformed religion, as certainly some of

time, and the Great Dyke, as the close of the English Gov. Lovelace's administration, when it was cleaned, and the streets of the city paved. It was

A

filled up in 1676. Near the Heeren Gracht, was the Schapen-wey, or sheep pasture. From the Heeren Gracht to the Stadt-huys, was Hoog straet, High street.

K. Stadt Huys, State House or City Hall, denominated also Stadt-herberg, or City Tavern, situated at the corner of Hoog-straet, now Pearl street. In this celebrated building, the most memorable affairs of the colony were discussed and transacted. The first publick school was held in this house in 1652; it was occupied also as a court-house. During the civil war between the house of Bayard and Leisler, our colonial York and Lancaster, one party held possession of this house, and returned the fire of the other from the fort. It is believed that this building existed until within a few years, though in a modified form, and belonged to the heirs of Abraham Brinckerhoof about ten years ago.

In 1673, at the beat of the drum, half an hour before sunset, the militia (scutlery) of the city held their parade before the City Hall. Jacobus Van De Water, the mayor, is represented at their head. In front of the City Hall were also the stocks and whipping-post. In 1692 the English common council ordered "a pillory, cage, and ducking-stool to be forthwith built." In the rear of this building was Mire-lane, a tannery, and a bark mill. It is now Mill street.

L. The Lutheran Church, or Luthersche Kerck, on de Warmoes-straet, (street of vegetables,) now Garden street. The Lutherans, Jews, and Quakers found very little toleration from the Dutch. But the English Governour Lovelace, in 1671, authorized the Lutheran congregation to erect a church and to "seek benevolences for their brethren, here and on the Delaware." The next year, Edmundson, a Friend from England, was allowed to preach to the society of his order. He held at an inn the first Friends' meeting in the city, and the magistrates attended.

M. The Water gate and block house, situated at the north-east corner of the present Pearl and Wall streets.

Corlaer's Hook was known by the Indian name of Nechtaut. This property, together with the Bowery, was owned by Jacobus Van Corlear, who had a plantation there in the time of Van Twiller. Corlaer was Van Twiller's trumpeter, immortalized by Knickerbocker. "On the 8th of August, 1636," says De Vriez, before quoted, "the first gunner of the fort gave a frolick. On one of the points of the fort a tent was erected, and tables and benches placed for the invited people. When the glee was now at its highest, Corlaer the trumpeter began to blow, which occasioned a quarrel, and the Koopman of the stores, and the Koopman of the cargoes, gave the trumpeter names. The trumpeter, in revenge, gave them each a drubbing: when they ran home for their swords, and would take revenge of the trumpeter, and swaggering and boasting much, went to P. The way to the fresh water. Weg na't the house of the governour, and would have eaten versche water. A large swamp meadow, which the trumpeter; but when the wine was evaporated communicated by a rivulet with the East river, oc- in the morning their courage was somewhat lowered, cupied the spot near where Roosevelt street is now and they did not endeavour much to find the trumsituated. The low land below, and which is now peter." Corlacr, it was supposed, was the founder called the Swamp, was then Beeckman's Swamp. of Schenectady, which is the Indian name for Cor

Smidt's Valey, abbreviated to Smit's Vly, and called by the English Fly. It was a piece of swampy land, where Fly Market was afterwards situated.

O. The Land Poorte, or City Gate, in Broadway. The wall extended to a fortification in the rear of the present Trinity Church.

laer. He was highly honoured by the Indians. He | ents peculiar to themselves, or they are formed by was drowned in Lake Champlain.

The war between England and Holland was concluded in 1674. Pursuant to the treaty of peace of that year, New Orange was redelivered to the English in the month of October, who, in honour of the Duke of York, resumed the name by which the city has been ever since distinguished.

Scarcely a remnant of the ancient city is now remaining. The eminences have been levelled, and the valleys filled up; the old walls have been dug away and the buildings torn down, and much of the soil on which New Orange stood, lies buried several feet beneath the modern metropolis. Many legitimate descendants of the ancient Dutch worthies, however, form a portion of our present population, among whom, only, will you find some few of the pleasing customs of the former age, religiously

observed.

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

Of the aggregate substances which compose the solid part of the globe. Of rocks and earths, and volcanick productions.

the debris of earlier formations. Nearly parallel without extraneous fossils, or organick remains. with this division is another, into rocks with or The most important division of rocks from their structure, is into stratified and unstratified. In general the latter are of comparatively small extent, and appear interposed among more extensive stratified formations. A certain regular order of superposition has been observed in rocks, and this may be considered the most important part of geology. In general this order has been revealed by the inclination of strata; the lowest being most inclined, and indeed almost or quite perpendicular: and the upper gradually becoming more and more horizontal. This arrangement brings the lower strata of rocks to the surface; whereas had all the strata been horizontal, none below the general level could have been known but by excavation. Among these regularly succeedbeds or veins. The lowest strata generally appear ing strata, other unstratified rocks are interposed, in in the centre of mountain ridges, or elevated plateaus, and the upper strata lie around them, rising to a greater or less elevation on the sides of these ridges and plateaus. Sometimes the lower strata rise to the surface at a lower elevation than the upper, as at the foot of a ridge of mountains, the heights of which are formed by the upper strata ;— and in some instances the upper strata appear as insulated caps to mountains, based on lower strata. Often the elevations of the lower strata extend like Having considered the simple substances which a brim around a basin occupied by the upper strata; enter into the composition of our globe, we come these latter forming concentrick zones, gradually now to consider the masses formed by the aggrega- narrowing till the centre is covered by the highest tion of several simple substances, which constitute stratum. Rocks do not succeed each other accordeither rocks or earths, according as they are found ing to their composition; but rocks of different comin a state of hardness or softness. It is not our in-position alternate through the series. The smallest tention at present to consider the nature of all these alternations are those of strata. In examining these substances, but shall content ourselves with the it will be found, that throughout a considerable extent classification of them. In this respect we are es- of strata there will be something like an uniformity sentially aided by the science of geology. Our of alternation; or that one class of strata will purpose under this department is answered by the greatly preponderate, and give a general character following article from the pen of Mr. Percival, who to the group. Such a group is called a formation. is by the way as fine a poet, as he is an excellent These formations succeed each other, in a similar scholar :order with the individual strata, i. e. formations of Geology, considered as a purely inductive science, different composition alternate with each other. does not include any speculations on the formation Those formations which have an identity or near reof the earth, or the origin of the materials of which semblance in composition or structure, are arranged it is composed. It is simply a classification of the by Werner under general divisions called suites, observations which have been made on the composi- such as the limestone and slate formation suites. tion, structure, superposition, or interposition, and In tracing upwards the series of stratified formations, distribution of the various substances forming the we find the lowest primitive and crystalline, in their external covering of the earth; for it is confined to composition and structure, i. e. crystallized by some the immediate surface, and those slight depths which unknown process from materials which are found in have been penetrated by mines. In regard to the no other known rocks, unless in the unstratified composition of rocks, it treats of their mineral con- masses of granite, with which they have an intimate stituents, and their extraneous or imbedded fossils-relation. Other higher strata (clay-slates) are comto their structure, whether stratified or unstratified, pact in their structure; but still apparently primitive crystalline, granular, or earthy, schistous, compact, in their composition. Rising higher we find rocks &c.-to their superposition, their order of succes-aggregated from fragments of other rocks, or formed sion, from a lower to a higher level, the inclination of masses of limestone and clay, in which are imand direction of their planes, &c.—to their interpo- bedded organick remains. This series of aggrega sition, their occurrence in extensive formations of ted rocks (conglomerates, sand-stones, &c.) limeother rocks, in the form of beds, veins, &c.-and stones, and clay strata, is continued by successive their distribution, forming ranges or plateaus of ele alternations, to the uppermost strata. Most of these vation, and basins surrounded by such elevations, contain organick remains, and these succeed each &c. In regard to their composition, rocks are either other in a regular order, from the lower to the primitive or secondary; i. e. they consist of ingredi-higher.