5. The character wy is a negative adverb of a different class, and generally signifies 'not yet,' of which many instances have already occur red.* 6. Feu is a negative connected with interrogations; as, A Irr chee feu? Do you know, or not? 7. Further, two or three characters, which signify 'extinguish, consume, 'slight,' &c. have a claim to the title of negatives. One of these, 'to die,' &c. occurs in the following sentence mòh, Hhoh khee moh ée, 'How can these be extinguished?' wherein moh is a negative as far as extinction implies non-existence. The character, myěh, to fail, as the eyes wearied with looking,' occurs in the following sentence, Kwoh poò myëh tsé, “The kingdom's prosperity also fails." Lastly had, to consume or destroy utterly,' has the sense of a negative affixed to it in the dictionary: in the following sentence it occurs as the participle destroyed,' Haò toò hyd t'hóo 'Destroyed completely is the empire.' These include nearly every character which has any claim to the title of a negative. *See pp. 276---281---358---432---437. Shee-king, vol. xi. f. 38. + See p. 451,foo moh, the father being dead." Shee-king, vol. i. Of Prepositions. We now enter on the Prepositions, which name includes two kinds of characters differing much from each other, Prepositions and Postpositions. The following characters are occasionally used as Prepositions :* As in examining the cases however, the greater part of these have been already exemplified,t it is only necessary to notice the rest, which are, hi,about or concerning;' hyang, 'toward;' and tooi, opposite.' The character kih, literally, the verb 'to extend,' is sometimes used in the sense of concerning,' as in the following sentence, kih tse se. They spoke concerning this.' Yen *The term Preposition is here used strictly to denote characters which precede substantives, to express the relation they bear to others. The reader will recollect that several of these characters, as ee, wy, &c. have been already described as verbs when occupying a different position. How far these prepositions connect themselves with verbs, the reader may see by turning to the Preliminary Dissertation on the Formation of the Characters. – page 73. + See from page 228 to 258 inclusive. Hyang properly, the object which lies before a person; is oftener used as a verb than as a preposition. Occasionally however, it occurs in the sense of the preposition toward, as in the following sentence: Kin, "My desire is not indeed toward Ts'hin." Koo-wun, vol. iii. near,' is sometimes used in conversation as a preposition ; but in their standard writings yu is generally inserted between kin and its substantive, as in the following sentence: "That Chuon-yu is strongly fortified ; and it is near to Fwy." Lun-yu, vol. ii, Tool, to reply,' &c. is occasionally used in the sense of a preposition; astool t'ha shyйh, 'He spoke before (or to) him.' It often unites with J myen, the face, when it becomes a Postposition, as Tsai t'ha tooi myen chyod, I reside opposite to him.' Postpositions.The Postpositions are about nine in number. following characters belong to this class: The These Postpositions, unlike the prepositions, follow the regimen of substantives, being appended to other substantives, sometimes without, but oftener with a genitive particle: Hence they may be considered either as substantives, or as adjectives including within them some substantive signifying place, situation, &c. Thus kya kyen, is in reality 'the house's mid-place;'mun tchee choong, 'the door's mid space;' and thus with the others. As these Postpositions all follow precisely the same mode of construction, the exemplification of one gives a clear idea of the rest. Among these given, choong will be found exemplified, p. 251; as, country;'kyen occurs page 262, Chyu-se' and kwoh choong, 'in the Chyu-se tchee kyen, ' In nooi, 'within,' page 263, 4 Ts'hĩh nyen tchee nooì, Within seven years.' 4. Ngooi (or wai) 'without,' if used alone, is an adverb of place, as in the following sentence, Yú păh nyen yu wài, 'Yu for eight * The same feature runs through the Sungskrit language, and through nearly all of its dialects, in which, above, below, within, without, opposite, &c, are regularly united to other substantives by the genitive case. Jjj years was without.* But when appended to a substantive, it has the force Mun'wai, without the door,' syàng, 'above,' or 'upon,' an example may be found page Wun syàng, Upon the river Wun.' below,' is sufficiently exemplified in the phrase so common ly used for the Chinese empire, below the heavens.' See page 212. Thyen-hya; literally, 'under or 7. Ts'hyen, T, is the adverb 'before;' but when appended to a substantive it is a preposition; as E Wang ts'hyen,- before the king.'t 8. Hyeù is in like manner the adverb 'after;' but appended to a substantive, it also performs the office of the preposition behind,' as Tà foo tchee hyeù, ‹ behind the mandarines.' 9. Lée within' is also appended to the substantive; as Tsai kya lée, 'He is in the house:' It often unites with 'He is within the house.' Tsài kya lée myèn. plication of lee, however, is nearly confined to conversation. See p. 346. The negative fy has also the force of the preposition without, as yea, Without me.' myèn; as, This ap |