Another example occurs in the sentence already given, page 242;

Here the idiom of the English language would rather employ to than with; but the idea conveyed by the original verb is still retained: "daughter" in this sentence, is the means or instrument through which, as well as the person with whom, the union was formed.

A third instance of this application of the verb yeé, occurs in the first book of Lun-yu, where the sage treating of the most effectual mode of re

"If you govern the people by strict authority, and restrain them by punishment, they indeed avoid evil, but feel not its turpitude." Lun-yu, book iv.

In this sentence too, the preposition by fully expresses the force of the character yeé; although it cannot be denied that the active participle of the verb "to use," would convey nearly the same meaning.

To express the preposition with in the sense of accompanying, the

character thoong, is generally used in conversation ; as,

It is however necessary to observe, that in most instances wherein the character t'hoong occurs in their best writings, it has rather the meaning of equal, alike, &c. than of the preposition with. The sage, in the second book of Lun-yu, speaking of the ancient manner of exhibiting skill in archery, quotes a passage from the Lee-khee to prove, that the trial depended, not so much on strength, as on that skill which fixed the arrow in the target of leather, without completely perforating it; "for," says he,

Here t'hoong, the third character from the right, can scarcely be rendered by the preposition with: the idea conveyed is that of likeness or equality.

In the first volume of Mung, that philosopher, on a certain occasion, speaking of Confucius, and asserting his superiority to all other men, the prince with whom he was conversing, replies, and asks,

"Then indeed is there any one like him?" Mung, vol. 1.

In reply to which, Mung, in the same sentence, acknowledges, that there

might indeed exist one like the sage; and then adds, that if there were a per

son to be found, who would not do an evil deed for the sake of obtaining

In both these sentences, the character t'hoong evidently denotes equality or likeness and if we preserve the idea of the preposition with, we must render the character by the verb; " to agree with." From these examples it appears, that in their standard writings, t'hoong is generally used in the sense of likeness, or sameness. In conversation however, it is more commonly used in the sense of the preposition with, than perhaps any other

character.

The Ablative.-The case which properly deserves the name of the Ablative, is that designated in English by the preposition from. This, in Chinese is expressed by three prepositive characters, ts' hoong, which also means to follow; yeu, often used to denote "a proceeding from ;" and

the character tsè, self, which by a strange transition of idea, is used to denote motion from or out of a place.

The first of these, ts' hoong, is perhaps oftener used in conversaIt occurs in sentences of tion to denote from, than either of the others. this nature:

"Did you come from Canton, or are you from Foŏh-kyen?"

Very few instances however of its being thus used as a preposition are

found in their best writings. In the first book of Lun-yu, Confucius des

cribing the state of his mind at the age of seventy, says,

"From the heart the desires which (proceeded,) passed not the due bounds."

Lun-yu, book i.

In this sentence, the first character on the right, may be possibly rendered from; but even here it admits of doubt whether it may not be rendered better by the verb followed; thus, "The desires which followed the natural bent of my heart, passed not the prescribed bounds."

But in many other passages in their most respectable writings, ts' hoong is evidently the verb to follow.' In the second book of Lun-yu, the sage, comparing the Tchyeu dynasty with the two preceding dynasties of Hya and Shyang, extols it as far surpassing the other two in the excellence of

its laws and polity, and concludes with saying,

In this sentence and many others, ts'hoong is evidently the verb "to fol- ̈TM low." It seems necessary thus to notice the difference between certain characters as used in familiar conversation, and as occurring in the Chinese writings; since without this, a person who should form his ideas of those characters merely from their use in conversation, would be quite at a loss when he met with them in their classical works...

2. The character yeu, denotes 'from' as 'proceeding from,' but in a sense which renders it doubtful whether it should not be rather classed under the Instrumental, than the Ablative case. Though it may be generally rendered by the preposition from, it widely differs from the sense of that preposition as used to denote departure from a place: it rather denotes " 'from' as the cause whence an effect proceeds, and often points out the means by which a thing is done; which will appear from its application in the following sentences. Confucius, in the third book of Lun-yu, wishing to shew how necessary, virtue is to happiness, does it by a comparison where