ese vowel combinations, it is course, the union of acute grave with grave yields grave: sunot occur; b. a circumflex he final grave element of the a grave with following acute the voice on a syllable is c. when the former of the er grave, we might expect cral circumflex, to represent 1 'set allows this accent in centuated Brahmana text (ÇB., But the language shows, on ow the circumflex to rest on is sole basis, and the acute to its own level of pitch, The only exception to this, nation of i and i, which bein the Taittiriya texts rule, while and u. in-udgata. vowels, and ≈ ?. before a are regularly converted ★ semivowel, य् y or व् r or 127 ai; with ruity aha (iti+āha); He madhe iva (madhu+iva); duhitrarthe (duhitṛ-arthe); Eu stry asya (strī+asya); avadhvai (vadhū-āi). But in internal combination (never in external) the and u-vowels are not seldom changed instead to iy and uv and this especially in monosyllables, or after two consonants, where otherwise a group of consonants difficult of pronunciation would be the result. The cases will be noticed below, in explaining inflected forms. A radical i-vowel is converted into y even before i in perfect tense-inflection: so ninyima (nini+ima). 130. As regards the accent here, as in the preceding case (128), the only combination requiring notice is that of an acute i or u-vowel with a following grave: the result is circumflex; and such cases of circumflex are many times more frequent than any and all others. Examples are: स्विष्ट svista (si-ista); तन्व॑म् tanvas (tani-as). Of a similar combination of acute with following grave, only a single case has been noted in accented texts: namely, vijñātr ètát (ÇB. xiv. 6. 811): the accentuation is in accordance with the rules for i and u. 131. Of a diphthong, the final i or u-element is changed to its corresponding semivowel, y or av, before any vowel or diphthong: thus, e (really ai: 28) becomes Яay, and श्रो ० (that is, au) becomes श्रव् av; ऐ ã becomes श्राय् @y, and श्रौ Ūu becomes श्रव् ãv. āv. No change of accent, of course, occurs here; each original syllable retains its syllabic identity, and hence also its own tone. Examples can be given only for internal combination, since in external combination there are further changes: see the next paragraph. Thus, naya (ne-a); π nāya (nāi-a); 132. In external combination, we have the important additional rule that the semivowel resulting from the conversion of the final element of a diphthong is in general dropped; and the resulting hiatus is left without further change. 133. That is to say, a finale (by far the most frequent case) becomes simply a before an initial vowel (excepta: see 135, below), and both then remain unchanged; and a final āi, in like manner, becomes (everywhere) a. Thus, : ta agatāḥ (te +āgatāḥ); tasmā adadāt (tasmāi+adadāt); 34 striyā uktam (striyāi+uktam). The later grammarians allow the y in such combinations to be either retained or dropped; but the uniform practice of the MSS., of every age, in accordance with the strict requirement of the Vedic grammars (Prātiçākhyas), is to omit the semivowel and leave the hiatus. The persistence of the hiatus caused by this omission is a plain indication of the comparatively recent loss of the intervening consonantal sound. Instances of the combination of the remaining final and initial are not unknown, but they are of sporadically rare occurrence. 134. The diphthong o (except as phonetic alteration of final as see 175a) is an unusual final, appearing only in the stem go (356), in the voc. sing. of u-stems, in words of which the final a is combined with the particle u, as atho, and in a few interjections. In the last two classes it is uncombinable (below, 138); the vocatives sometimes retain the v and sometimes lose it (the practices of different texts are too different to be briefly stated); go (in composition only) does not lose its final element, but remains gav or go. A final as becomes a, with following hiatus, before any vowel save a (for which, see the next paragraph). The av of av from✈āu is usually retained: thus, a tāv eva (tāu+eva); ubhāv indrāgni (ubhāu+indrāgnī). In some texts, however, it is lost before an u-vowel, the a alone remaining, with hiatus; in at least one text (Kāṭhaka), it is dropped before every vowel. The later grammarians allow it to be either retained or dropped. 135. After finale oro, an initial a disappears. The resulting accent is as if the a were not dropped, but rather absorbed into the preceding diphthong, having its tone duly represented in the combination. If, namely, the e or o is grave or circumflex and the a acute, the former becomes acute ; if the e oro is acute and the a grave, the former becomes circumflex, as usually in the fusion of an acute and a grave element. If both are acute or both grave, no change, of course, is seen in the result. Examples are: sadî sò ‘bravit (sáḥ abravit); facut sf: hinsitavyò 'gniḥ (hinsitavyàḥ agnih); saana yád indró bravit (yád indraḥ ábravit); unistul sada yad rājanyó bravit (yád rājanyàḥ ábravīt). As to the use of the avagraha sign in the case of such an elision, see above, 16. In transliteration, the reversed apostrophe, or rough breathing, will be used in this work to represent it. This elision or absorption of initial a after final e or o, which in the later language is the invariable rule, is in the Veda only an occasional occurrence; and there is no close accordance with regard to it between the written and the spoken form of the Vedic texts. In the Atharvan, for example, the a is omitted in writing in about one third of the cases, but is to be omitted in reading in less than one fifth (including a number in which the written text preserves it). See APr. iii. 54, note. To the rules of vowel combination, as above stated, there are certain exceptions. Some of the more isolated of these will be noticed where they come up in the processes of inflection etc.; a few require mention here. 136. In internal combination : a. The augment a makes with the initial vowel of a root the combinations ai, au, ār (vṛddhi-vowels), instead of e, o, ar guna-vowels, as required by 127. b. The final o of a strengthened stem (238b) becomes av before the suffix ya (originally ia); c. The final vowel of a stem is often dropped when a secondary suffix is added. For the weakening and loss of radical vowels, and for certain insertions, see below, 249 ff., 257-8. 137. In external combination : a. The final a or a of a preposition, with initial r of a root, makes ar instead of ar. b. The final a of a preposition before roots beginning with e or o is usually omitted. c. A final a in composition may be cut off before otu and ostha. diphthongal combination with a preceding a; thus, prāuha. prāuḍha, akṣāuhiņī (from pra-uha etc.). 138. Certain final vowels, moreover, are uncombinable (pragṛhya), or maintain themselves unchanged before any following vowel. Thus, a. The vowels i, u and e as dual endings, both of declensional and of conjugational forms. Thus, bandhū āsāte imāu; giri arohatam. b. The pronoun ami (nom. pl.); and the Vedic pronominal forms asmé, yuşmé, tvé. c. A final o made by combination of a final a-vowel with the particle u: thus, atho, mo, no. d. A final i oru of a Vedic locative case. e. A protracted final vowel (78). f. The final, or only, vowel of an interjection, as aho, he, ā, i, u. Permitted Finals. 139. The sounds allowed to occur as finals in Sanskrit words, standing by themselves (not in euphonic combination with something following, are closely limited, and those which would etymologically come to occupy such a position are often variously altered, in general accordance with their treatment in other circumstances, or are sometimes omitted altogether. The variety of consonants that would ever come at the end of either an inflected form or a derivative stem in the language is very small: namely, in forms, only t (or d), n, m, 8; in derivative stems, only t, d, n, r, s (and, in a few rare words, j). But almost all consonants occur as finals of roots; and every root is liable to be found, alone or as last member of a compound, in the character of a declined stem. 140. All the vowel sounds, both simple and diphthongal, may be sounded at the end of a word. But neither nor ever actually occurs; and is very rare (only as neuter sing. of a stem in or ar, or as final of such a stem in composition). Thus, indra, giváyā, ákāri, nadi, dátu, camá, janayitý, ágne, çiváyāi, váyo, agnāú. 141. Of the non-nasal mutes, only the first in each series, the non-aspirate surd, is allowed; the others — surd |