"the Civil, the Clerical, the Medical, the Military, and the Naval Services." These all obtain their appointments in England. The "Civil Service," or department, is the first in honor and in emoluments. The East India Company has a college at Haileybury in England for the education of men for this department.* All who are admitted into this college are expected, at the close of their education, to proceed to India, to be there employed in the government. In India, they are under the control of the governors and councils. Their rank, office, and salary depend partly upon their supposed qualifications, and partly upon seniority in the service. They become governors, ambassadors, councillors, secretaries, judges, collectors of the revenue, financiers, etc. The number in this department in all India, is stated to be generally about 800. Their emoluments are large, especially of those who have been for considerable time in the country. One printed statement says the average salary of this

* The East India Company, so long as it retained only its commercial character, could easily obtain suitably qualified agents in England. But when the Company began its career of conquest, and had foreign possessions to govern, agents of different qualifications became necessary. Men were required who were competent to be governors, ambassadors, legislators, etc., and who should also be well acquainted with the character, languages, and customs of the people, among whom they were to fill these responsible situations. The Marquis of Wellesley, then governor-general of India, perceiving the wants of the Indian government, in 1800 commenced an institution in Calcutta, called the College of Fort William, for the education of men for government employment. In this college, Dr. C. Buchanan, well known for his "Christian Researches in Asia,” and other works, was vice-provost, and Dr. W. Carey, equally well known for his missionary labors, was one of the professors. This college did not meet the views of the Directors in England, and so in a few years it was abolished, and the college in Haileybury was established. This college has always been a favorite institution of the Company, and it has furnished many eminent men. Previous to the recent changes in the charter, admission into this college was in the power of the Directors and the Board of Control, but now admission for the number annually required is open to general competition, on such examinations as are prescribed. It is expected this change will produce important results in the government of India.

† "On first reaching India, a civilian is allowed about £30 per month, till, having passed the necessary examination in one or more of the oriental languages, (which must be within 12 months after his arrival,) he is attached to the service, the emoluments of which vary from £500 to about £10,000 per annum. The members of council receive £9,600 each per annum in Bengal, and £6,000 per annum in Madras and Bombay. Civil servants must have 3 years actual

class is £1,750 each. Another statement says it exceeds £2,000 each; and another says it is £2,250 each. The first statement appears to be the average of the fixed salaries of the whole class in India. The next appears to be the average of the fixed salaries in Bengal, where they are higher than in the other Presidencies; and the last appears to be the average sum which each actually receives, and which consists of the salary and sundry "extra allowances," which vary with their situation and duties, and generally amount to a very considerable sum, in addition to the fixed salary.

residence in India, to hold a situation of over £1,500 per annum, 9 years' residence to hold a situation of over £3,000 per annum, and 12 years' residence to hold a situation of over £4,000 per annum. No civil servant can receive a greater salary than £5,220 per annum, unless he be a governor or member of council."

The following statement from a late number of the Calcutta Review, shows the salaries of different situations in Bengal. The salaries are put down in rupees, which are the currency of India. A rupee is commonly reckoned at 2 shillings sterling, or nearly half a dollar, so that half of these sums will be nearly the amount of the salaries in dollars.

2 Puisne Judges, each

4 Members of Council, each

5 Judges of Suddur Diwany Adawlut, average each

2 Members of Suddur Board of Revenue, do.

3 Members of Customs, Salt, and Opium, average each

22 Additional Collectors, Joint Magistrates, and Deputy Collectors, from

The Clerical Service, or the ecclesiastical establishment of India, consists of 3 bishops (one in Calcutta, one in Madras, and one in Bombay), and 120 chaplains of the Church of England; and 6 chaplains of the Church of Scotland, namely, 2 in Calcutta, 2 in Madras, and 2 in Bombay.* The bishops are appointed by the Queen or her Ministry. The bishop of Calcutta (who has the rank of metropolitan) has a salary of £5,000 annually, with large allowance for residence, for the expenses of visitations, etc., and a pension of £1,200 annually after filling his office a certain number of years. The bishops of Madras and Bombay have £2,500 each annually, with allowances for diocesan expenses, and retiring pensions of £800 annually. The chaplains are divided in 2 classes, seniors and juniors, or chaplains and assistant chaplains, and they have salaries varying partly according to seniority, and partly according to the place and duties assigned to them, from 2,500 to 6 or 7,000 dollars. They also receive fees for particular services, and after performing duty in India for a certain number of years they have pensions for life. The ecclesiastical establishment originated, and has been continued, with special reference to the European, and nominally Christian population in the employment of the government, but other Europeans and Indo-Britons not connected with the government share in the attention and labors of the chaplains, as there may be occasion. Henry Martyn, whose Memoirs have been so much read in America, Daniel Corrie, who was the bishop of Madras at the time of his decease, and a few others engaged actively in missionary labors, but the chaplains generally have not done so, nor is it expected of them.

The Medical Service or department contains generally about 800 regularly educated and legally qualified European physicians. They are divided into 3 or 4 classes, according to seniority. Their salaries vary according to seniority, rank, and duty assigned to them from $1,500 to $10,000 annually. They also have liberal pensions after completing certain periods of service.‡

*This was the state of the ecclesiastical establishment in the latest accounts I have seen. Some changes were expected to follow the renewal of the charter. †The pensions of chaplains are:-"After an actual residence in India of 15 years, £292 per annum; after 10 years, if unable on account of ill-health to reside any longer in India, £173 per annum; and after 7 years, £128 per annum.”

The pensions of surgeons are: "After 17 years' actual residence and

Some account of the Military Service will be given under the head of the army.

Bombay is the principal seat of the naval force of the East India Company. It consists of a number of sailing ships and steam vessels, and performs important service for the government in transporting the army, and in protecting the general interests of commerce, not only of India, but of the eastern seas, which are often infested with pirates. In salaries, pensions, etc., it is supposed to be upon an equality with the military service.

ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE.

In each of the cities of Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay, is a Supreme Court called the Queen's Court, which has jurisdiction over the incorporated city in each place, and in certain specified cases over all the presidency. The court in Calcutta consists of a chief justice, with a salary of £8,000, and of 2 puisne justices, with salaries of £6,000 each. In Madras and Bombay the court consists of a chief justice with salaries of £6,000 each, and a puisne justice, with salaries of £5,000 each. All these judges have large pensions for life after filling their office for a specified time in India. In criminal cases the trial is by jury, but not in civil cases. The natives are eligible to be grand and petty jurors, and Europeans, Parsees, Mohammedans, and Hindus may often be seen intermingled in the same jury seats and boxes. In these courts, fees as well as salaries are very high; and the expenses of law-proceedings are heavy, and often ruinous to the parties. Still the natives generally have much confidence in the integrity and uprightness of the judges.

Agents of the English government called Residents always live in or near the capitals of the large native princes. They are expected to keep their government well informed concerning the state of affairs in the territory of the prince, and to transact any matters of business that may occur between the governments The duties of these agents vary according to the relations of the

service, £200 per annum; after 21 years, £250; after 25 years, £300; after 29 years, £365; after 32 years, £500; and after 35 years, £700 per annum.”

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* "Every officer who has actually served 22 years or upwards in the Indian navy, is permitted to retire from the service with the following pay: tain, £360 yearly; a commander, £290; lieutenant, £190; purser, £190.”

princes to the English government. Sometimes their power is greater than the princes, and they become more like the governors of the territory and guardians of the prince and his family than the representatives of another government. These agents fill situations of much honor and responsibility. They have princely salaries, and have often lived in oriental magnificence.

For the collection and management of the revenue and other public matters, and for the administration of justice among the native population, the territory of each presidency is divided into districts. In each district are two classes of European agents; one class has charge of the collection of the taxes, the management of the revenue, public works, etc., and they are generally called collectors. Each district has a principal collector, who has several assistants under him. The revenue is generally collected by the native agents and then transferred to the Europeans, who examine accounts, hear complaints, etc. Each district has a series of courts of 3 or 4 orders. In the lower courts the magistrates are natives, and in the higher courts they are Europeans. The lawyers or barristers in these courts are generally natives, who are admitted to practice in due form. Many of the native magistrates and lawyers are well-educated and respectable men, and their official and social position gives them much influence. Trials by jury have not been introduced in these courts. The manner of proceeding resembles the English courts more than the former Mohammedan and Hindu courts. All the proceedings are in the native languages. The intention is that the proceedings should be in the language of the parties whose matters are under consideration. The general rule in these courts has been to administer Mohammedan law among the Mohammedans, as it is contained in their standard works and declared by their jurists; and the principles of Hindu law among the Hindus, as it is contained in their own works, It must be obvious, from the different forms and kinds of government existing in India previous to the country's becoming subject to the English, as well as from the mixed and heterogeneous character of its inhabitants, that the satisfactory administration of justice among them, must be a work of great difficulty, and very much must depend upon the discretion and conscience of the magistrates. The people are very litigious, and in none