or the Sun and Persè or Perfeis, Cic. Nat. D. iii. 18. hence called TITANIS, -idis, Ovid. Met. xiii. fin. xiv. 14. & 376. the fifter of Eetes, and aunt of Medea, whom fhe is faid to have instructed in the knowledge of magic and poisonous herbs, Diodor. iv. 46. called AEA CIRCE, from Æa, the capital of Colchis, Ovid. Met. iv. 205.; Virg. Æn. iii. 386. and her enchantments ÆÆA CARMINA, Ovid. Amor i. 8. 5, vel ARTES, Ib. ii. 15. 10. by which the converted men into beafts, Virg. En. vii. 20. Thus by her herbs and charms, (potentibus herbis et carminibus), the changed fome of the companions of Ulyffes, fent to her, into fwine, Homer. ib.; Virg. ecl. viii. 70.; Horat. ep. i. 2. 26.; Ovid. Met. xiv. 277. &c. But Ulyffes, having received an herb, called Moly, from Mercury, as an antedote against her enchantments, went to her abode, with his fword drawn, and forced her to restore his companions to their former fhape, Ib. Ulyffes remained for fome time with Circe, and had by her a fon, called Telegonus. He next went to the country of the Cimmerians, a people that lived in perpetual darknefs, Homer. od. xi.; Tibull. iv. 1. 64.; fee. p. 152. Then he defcended to the infernal regions to confult TIRÉSIAS, the Theban augur, about his future voyage, Ovid. Met. iii. 323. &c.

TIRESIAS, the fon of Eueres, was originally a fhepherd on mount Cyllene. He is faid to have ftruck with his ftaff two fnakes in the act of copulation, (venerantes v. coeuntes,) and to have been therefore turned into a woman. Some years after, by fimilar means, he recovered his former fhape. Jupiter and Juno referred to him a difpute which had arifen between them, (Quis magis de re venerea voluptatem caperet, mafculus, an fœmina? He determined in favour of Jupiter *. On which account he was deprived of his fight by the wrath of Juno, hence put for CACUS, Juvenal. xiii. fin. but, to compenfate his lofs, was endued by Jupiter with the gift of prophecy, and that he fhould live for feven ages, Hygin. 75.; Cic. Tufc. v. 39. He was confulted as an infallible oracle by the Greeks, Paufan. ix. 33; Strab. xvi. 762.; Cic. div. i. 40. ii. 3. hence Laius, when he came from the infernal regions, affumed his appearancet, Stat. Theb. i. 95.

• Dixit tres uncias habere virum, et novem fœminam; Fulgent. ii. or thus: rav μοιρῶν 'εσων δέκα, τον άνδρα τερπεσθαι την μιαν, την δε γυναίκα της εννέα, Decem in partes voluptate ifla divisâ, unam viro, novêm mulieri obtingere; Phlegon; & Scol. in Juvenal. vi. 253. See Heyne on Apollodorus, iii. 6. 7.

+ Horace fuppofes Ulyfies, after his return to Ithaca, to raise the spirit of Tirefias, and to confult him about the best means of repairing the ruined state of his affairs, Sat. ii. 5. where he begins abruptly, as if a long conversation had previously taken place.

Ulyffes

Ulyffes, after his return from the infernal regions to the a bode of Circè, was inftructed by her how to avoid the dangers which he had to encounter.--He first failed past the rocks of the Sirens, (SIRĒNES;) the daughters of the river Achelous, (Acheioides, v. -iades) and the mufe Melpoměnè, Serv. in Virg. v. 864. three in number; fome fay more: having in the upper part the appearance of virgins, and in the lower part of birds, Ib. & Hygin. 125. & 141.; Ovid. Met. v. 552. and that he might not be conquered by their fongs and mufic, he caused himself to be bound to the maft of the fhip with ropes, and ordered his companions, whofe ears he stopped up with wax, Juvenal. ix. 149. to difregard his commands about altering their courfe; till they got beyond that dangerous coaft. The Sirens, who were deftined to perish when any one should fail past them in fafety, threw themselves into the fea, Hygin. ibid.

-Ulyffes next paffed SCYLLA and CHARYBDIS, fee p. 174. the former of which devoured fix of his companions, Homer. ib.——He landed on that part of Sicily where Phathusa, the daughter of Sol, and her two fifters, fed the cattle of their father; which Ulyffes, according to the directions of Circe, charged his companions not to touch. But they, urged by hunger, while Ulyffes was afleep, flew the most beautiful of them. For this crime they were all foon after deftroyed by fhipwreck. Ulyffes alone was faved by keeping hold of the maft; and after being toffed for nine days, was driven on Ogygia, the island of the nymph CALYPSO, where he remained seven years, Tzetzes ad Lycophron, 744. (Ovid fays fix years, Pont. iv. 10. 13. Hyginus fays only one, 125.) At laft Jupiter fent Mercury to order Calypfo to let Ulyffes go; which the did with reluctance, Ovid. Art. ii. 125.; Homer. od. v. 203.; Propert. i. 15. 9. and furnifhed him with a fhip and every thing requifite for his voyage, Homer. ib. But Ulyffes being overtaken by a ftorm through the wrath of Neptune, who was enraged againft him for having deprived his fon Polyphemus of fight, he loft his ship, but by the aid of the goddefs Lucothöe, called by the Romans Mother Matuta, who fupplied him with a belt or plank, he fwam to the island CORCYRA, the country of the Pheacians, where he was hofpitably entertained by king ALCINOUS and his queen ARETE, to whom he was introduced by their daughter Nauficaa, who first discovered him, after he reached the Jand, as he concealed himself under the leaves of trees. them he related his adventures. Alcinous gave him a fhip, which carried him to Utica, where the crew landed him while afleep with the prefents which he had received from Alcinous,

To

and

and fo left him, Odyf. xiii, Thus, after an absence of twenty years, and after the lofs of all his companions, Ulyffes was at laft reftored in fafety to his native country, Hygin. 125. When he awoke, he did not know that he was in Utica. But Minerva having appeared to him in the form of a young man told him of every thing.

In the absence of Ulyffes, his wife PENELOPE had been affailed by many fuitors; but the always put them off with a promife that he would marry when the finished a web she was weaving, and always undid by night what the wrought during the day; hence Penelopa telam retexere, to labour in vain, to undo what one has done, or to overturn any thing by the fame arguments by which one has established it, as the Dialectics did, Cic. Acad. iv. 29. Her fidelity to her hufband was so remarkable, that her name is put for a virtuous woman, PENELOPE VENIT, ABIT HELENE, Martial. i. 63. In the mean time the fuitors lived luxurioufly and riotoufly in the houfe of Ulyffes, wafting his fubftance, (dilaniantes opes,) Ovid. ep. i. 89. hence SPONSI PENELOPE is put for diffolute fellows, Horat. ep. i. 2. 28. -—————- Telemachus, (proles patientis Ulyffei, Horat. ep. i. 7. 40.) went to various places in queft of his father, particularly to the court of Neftor at Pylos, and of Menelaus at Sparta, by both of whom he was treated with the greatest hofpitality, Ody. i. ii. iii. & iv. Menelaus offered him a prefent of fine horfes, which he refufed, because the rocky ifland. of Ithaca was not fit for breeding these animals, Horat. ib. Finding his fearch fruitless, he refolved to return to his native country. The fuitors formed plots to affaffinate him by the way, Ovid. ep. i. 99. but he was preferved by the affiftance of Minerva, Homer. ib.; Ovid. ep. i. 99.

Ulyffes having, by the advice of Minerva, affumed the appearance of a beggar, first went to the house of his fhepherd EUMÆUS, who did not know him. In the mean time, by the direction of Minerva, Telemachus returned privately to Utica. Ulyffes difcovered himself first to his fon, and then to Eumæus. With them he concerted measures for the deftruction of the fuitors. He went under his disguise to the palace, where he was recognized by Argus, an old dog. Being abufed by IRUS, a beggar of large fize, whom the fuitors fapported on account of his drollery, Ulyffes challenged him to fight; which the fuitors forced frus, much against his will, to fubmit to. Ulyffes flew him with a blow of his fift*. Upon

The proper name of this beggar was ARNAUS; he was named IRUS from his loquacity, Homer, Od. xviii. pr. hence called BINOMINIS, Ovid, in Ibide, 417. Inus et eft fubito, qui modo Cræfus erat, i. e. a beggar, Ovid. Trif, iii. 7. 42. So CROESO DIVITICK: IRO PAUPERIOR, ul. v. 40. vi. 77. 3 MI

this,

this, being introduced to Penelope, he was asked by her many questions concerning himself, and thus had the strongest proofs of her affection and wonderful fidelity. Soon after, by the affiftance of Telemachus and a few faithful domeftics, he flew all the fuitors, and punished their retainers. Then he made himself known to Penelope and his father.

The wanderings of Ulyffes form the fubject of the ODYSSEY of Homer. They are often spoken of by other ancient authors, Herodot. in vita Homeri, 7. & 26.; Thucydid. iv. 24.; Polyb. ix. 15. xii. 15.; Liv. i. 49.; Cic. Orat. iii. 19. &c. Strabo mentions veftiges of his having been in Spain, iii. 149. and in many other places, i. 17. 18. &c. but fpeaks doubtfully about their reality, i. 44. Some affirmed that he had been in Germany, Tacit. Ger. 3. and alfo in Britain, Solin. 25.

Ulyffes is faid to have lived fixteen years after his return to Ithaca. Concerning the manner of his death, fee p. 186. Hyginus fays, that Penelope, after the death of Ulyffes, married Telegonus, and had by him ITALUS, who gave name to the country of Italy; and that Telemachus married Circe, of whom was born LATINUS, whence the Latins were named, Fab. 127. But Servius on Virgil gives a different account, En. xii. 164. i. 277. & 533. x. 76. vii. 47. viii. 322.

Feftus fays that Italy was called Aufonia, from Aufon, the fon of Ulyffes and Calypfo; so Serv. in Virg. Æn. iii. 171.

DIOMEDES, and other Leaders of the Greeks in the Trojan War,

DIOMEDES, the fon of Tydeus (Tydides), and Deiple, the daughter of Adraftus, king of Etolia, and the companion of Ulyffes in his moft dangerous undertakings, was one of the braveft of the Greeks, faid to be fuperior to his father, (patre. melior,) Horat. od. i. 15. 28.; Stat. Achill. ii. 58.; fo alfo his charioteer Sthenělus excelled his father Capaneus, Stat. Achill. i. 467. Diomedes often encountered Hector; and having engaged in fingle combat with Æneas, would have flain him, had not Æneas been refcued by the interpofition of Venus, whom Diomedes wounded in the right arm, Virg. Æn. xi. 277.; Homer. Il. v. 335. He also wounded Mars, Ib. 857. whence he is faid to be ope Palladis SUPERIS PAR, Horat. od. i. 6. 16. His wife Agiale, v. -ea, having difgraced him in his abfence by connecting herfelf with Cyllabarus or

Cometess

Cometes, the fon of STHENELUS, Serv. in Virg. Æn. viii. 9. xi. 269. which is said to have happened to him by the wrath of Venus, Ib. & Ovid. Met. xiv. 477. he did not return into his native country, but went into Italy, fee p. 186. where his companions, while Agmon, one of their number, uttered impious language against Venus, were changed into birds, Ovid. Met. xiv. 484. &c.; Virg. ib. hence called the Birds of Diomēdes, a fpecies of fea-fowl, fuppofed to be herons, (ardea,) fimilar to fwans, Ovid. ib. 509. Pliny fays they were like coots, (fulica) that they were found only in the infula Dimedea, fmall iflands in the Hadriatic, near mount Gargānus ; that they fhewed a fondness for Grecks, and a diflike to those of other nations, x. 44. f. 61. Strabo fpeaks of this metamorphofis as having happened after the death of Diomedes, from the grief of his companions at that event; and mentions nearly the fame wonderful things concerning the nature of these birds with Pliny, vi. 284.

IDOMENEUS, the fon of Deucalion and grandson of Minos, king of Crete, Paufan. v. 25. another of the generals of the Greeks againft Troy, being overtaken by a tempeft in his return home, vowed to facrifice to the gods whatever he should first meet upon his landing. This happened to be his own fon. Having performed his vow, or, as others fay, naving attempted to perform it, and a peftilence having followed, he was expelled by his fubjects, as a perfon unnatural to his offfpring, and odious to the gods, Serv. in Virg. Æn. iii. 122.; and having failed into Italy, fettled in Calabria, (Et Salenti nos obfedit milite campos Lycius, i. e. Cretenfis IDOMENEUS,) Ib. 401. Diodorus writes that Idomeneus died in Crete, and was honoured as a god after his death, v. 79.; Strabo fpeaks of him as an excellent man, (aporos,) xiii. 589.; and Homer says, he had the good fortune to lofe none of his men in returning from Troy, Ody. v. 191. He is called by Horace INGENS, od. iv. 9. 19 MERIONES, another Cretan leader, was coufin-german to Idomeneus, the fon of Molus and grandfon of Minos, Diodor. v. 79. alfo diftinguished by his bravery, Horat. i. 6. 15. et Ib. 15. 26. He fought with Deiphobus, the fon of Priam, and wounded him.

There was a prediction, that the first perfon who landed on the Trojan coaft fhould fall, Ovid. ep. xiii. 93. PROTESILAUS or Iolaus, however, the fon of Iphiclus, from Phylăce, a city of Theffaly, Lucan. vi. 352. hence called PHYLACIDES, Pro pert. i. 19. 7. or from his grandfather Phylacus, fprung on fhore,

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