In the mean time, Oeneus was expelled from the throne by his brother Agrius, Ovia. ep. ix. 153. but was afterwards restored by DIOMEDES, his grandson, whereupon Agrius flew himself, Hygin. 175.

DIOMEDES, called alfo CENIDES from his grandfather, Ovid. Met. xiv. 512.; Stat. Achill. ii. 372. was one of the braveft of the Grecian chiefs in the Trojan war, His exploits will be related hereafter.

VII. FABULOUS HISTORY of THESSALY.

Theffaly in ancient times was divided into different kingdoms.

The most ancient king is faid to have been DEUCALION, the fon of Prometheus, (Promethides, -da) who married PYRRHA, the daughter of Epimetheus, (Epimēthis, -idis,) the brother of Prometheus; hence called by Deucalion, his wife and fifter, or coufin-german; which foror fometimes fignifies, Ovid. i. 351.

PROMETHEUS was the fon of Japĕtus, (Japěti genus, Horat. od. i. 3. 27.) He is faid to have made a man of clay, Ovid. Met. i. 82.; Hygin. 142. and to have put in him a particle taken from every other animal; timidity from the hare, cunning from the fox, rage from the lion, &c. Acron. in Horat. od. i. 16. 13. Having afcended to heaven by the affiftance of Minerva, he stole fire from the chariot of the fun, by applying to it the end of a small rod, (ferula,) which he carried in his hand With this fire he animated his man of clay, Serv. in Virg. ecl. vi. 42.; Fulgent. ii. 9.; Hygin. 144. Jupiter, provoked at fuch artifice and impicty, ordered Vulcan to make a woman of clay, which Minerva animated, and the other gods and godefies gave her each their proper gifts; Venus, beauty; Apollo, mufic; Mercury, eloquence, &c. whence he was called PANDORA, (i. e. cmne donum, vel ab omnibus donata,) Hygin. 142. Jupiter gave her a beautiful box, which fhe was to give to the man that married her. She was first fent with it to Prometheus; but he, fufpecting fome hidden mischief, refused it. She then went with it to Epimetheus, who was not fo cautious; but took the box and opened it; and from thence flew all those diseases and plagues which have since infested the human race. Hope alone remained at the bottom. Pandora is faid to have been the first woman, Paufan. i. 24. fhe was the mother of Pyrrha: Strabo fays of Deucalion, ix. fin. Prometheus, for his impiety,

3 I 2

was

was chained to a rock on mount Caucáfus, where an eagle continually preyed on his liver, Serv. ibid. But he is faid to have been loofed from it a thousand years after, by Hercules, Strab. xi. 505. xv. 688.; Apollodor. i. 7. 1. who flew the eagle, Paufan. v. 11.; Hefiod. Theog. 521, &c. Juvenal humoroufly ufes Prometheus for a fkilful potter, iv. 133,

Under DEUCALION happened a great inundation in Thesfaly, Paufan. i. 18. x. 6.; Apollodor. i. 7. 2. which Ovid describes as a general deluge, that covered the whole earth, fent by the wrath of Jupiter to punifh the wickednefs of men, Met. i. 240. & 260. Deucalion and Pyrrha alone, of the whole human race, were preferved, Ib. 325. They confulted the oracle of Themis how they could repair the lofs. An answer was returned, That they should throw behind their backs the bones of their great mother, i. e. ftones. They did fo; and to their amazement, the ftones thrown by Deucalion became men, and thofe by Pyrrha women, Ib. 412. Thence, fays Ovid, we are a hardy race, and fhew from what origin we are sprung, Ib. Apollodorus derives xa, populus, from xaas, lapis. i. 7. 2. -From Heilen, the fon of Deucalion, Greece was called Hellas, -ădis, and the Greeks Hellenes, Strab. viii. 383 ix. 432. But about this there was fome difpute, Ib. viii. 370. From what is faid of the pofterity of Deucalion, he appears to have lived at a later period than we fhould imagine from the accounts of the poets, Paufan. v. 8. There is another deluge fuppofed to have happened in Attica long before that of Deucalion, under Ogges, the fon of Terra (Terrigěna,) king of Thebes or Boeotia, Varr. de re Ruft. iii prol.; Auguftin. de civ. Dei, xviii. 8. whence Deus Ogygius, Bacchus, Ovid. ep. x. 48. Ogygius LYAUS, Lucan. i. 670. Ogydide, the Thebans, Stat. Theb. i 586.

Theffaly was the fcene of the battle of the giants, (gigantomach a) against Jupiter. The giants were fons of Terra (q. ynyeres and Coelus, or Tartarus, Hygin, 1.; Apollodor. i. 6. 1. of enormous fize, (minaci flatu, Horat. od. iii. 4. 54.) with ferpentine feet, (ferpentipedes, Ovid. Trift. iv. 7. 17.) Ovid fays, they had fnakes inftead of feet, (pro pedibus angues,) Falt. v. 37. So Lucan, ftantes ferpente gigantes, ix. 656. They tried to get up to heaven, by piling mountains upon mountains; Offa upon Pelion, and Pelion upon Olympus, Ib. & Virg. G. i. 281. (Homer fays, Offa on Olympus, and Pelion on Offa, Ody. xi. 314.) and armed themfelves with trunks of trees torn from the root. Jupiter him felf is faid to have been struck with terror, and the other gods to have affifted him in the con

fict, Horat. ib. & od. ii. 19. 21. The giants were at last defeated, and Jupiter drove them with his thunderbolts to Tartărus. Some of them were buried under burning mountains, Ovid. Met. i. 151. &c.; Virg. Æn. iii. 578. vi. 580. Horat.

ib. 73.

The chief of thefe giants were,-OTOS and EPHIALTES, the fons of Aloeus, (Aloida, Virg. ib.) who grew nine inches every month, Hygin. 28.-TYFHOE US, whofe body equalled the extent of Sicily, Ovid. Met. v. 346. &c. From him Etna is called Typhois, -idis, Ovid. ep. xv. 11.-EGAON, with an hundred arms and fifty heads, Virg. Æn. x. 566. called alfo BRIĂREUS (centum geminus), Ib. vi. 287.-TITYOS, who wished to feduce Latona, incontinens, Horat. od. iii. 4. 77.; Virg. Æn. vi. 595. whose body extended over nine acres, and whose liver a vulture perpetually pounced, lb.; Ovid. Pont. i. 2. 41.—MIMAS, PORPHYRION, RHOETUS or RHECUS, GYGES or GYAS, (centimanus, Horat. od. ib. & ii. 17. 14.) CAUS; 'ENCELADUS, placed under Ætna, Virg. Æn. iii. 578. &c.

The place where the giants fought, was called PHlegra, or the Phlegræan plains, CAMPI PHLEGRÆI, Ovid. Met. x. 151.; Propert. iii. 11. 37. alfo Phlegraa JUGA *, Ib. 9. 48. which fome place in Theffaly, fome in Thrace, as Statius, Theb. ii. 595. and fome in Macedonia, in the peninfula of Pallene, anciently called PHLEGRA, Herodot. vii. 123. hence triumphi Pallenai, the triumph over the giants, Stat. Silv. iv. 2. 56. But Strabo, v. 243. & vi. 281.; Polybius, iii. 91.; Diodorus, iv. 21.; Pliny, iii. 5.; and Silvius Italicus, xii. 143. place them in Campania, fee p. 152. where the three laft-mentioned authors fpeak of Hercules vanquishing the giants, without any mention of Jupiter or the other gods †.

The battle of the Titans against the gods is fometimes confounded with that of the giants; but the former was against Saturn, and the latter against Jupiter, Serv. in Virg. Æn. vi. 580. They were both the offspring of Calus and Terra; and are faid to have been produced by the earth, from refent

*Hence TUMULTUS PHLEGRE1, the battle of the giants, Id. ii. 1. 39. PRELIA, Stat. Silv. v 3. 196.; Theb. x. 909. xi. 7. CASTRA, Id. Acbill. i. 484. bojies Phlegrai, the giants, Senec. Thyeft. 88.

The most dreadful of all the giants is faid to have been TYPHON, produced by Terra and Tartarus after the deftruction of the other giants. He had an hundred heads of dragons. The gods are fad to have been fo affrighted at his enormous bulk and ftrength, that they fled into Egypt, and several of them, for the fake of concealment, converted them fel es into heafts of various forms. But Jupiter vanquished Typhon with his thunderbolts, and laid him below mount Etna, Apollodor. i. 6. 3.; lygin. 152. fome confound Typhon with Typhoeus above mentioned. Thus Ovid. Met. v. 321.-340.

ment

ment against the gods, (ira irritata deorum*, Virg. Æn. iii. 178.) The Titans made war against Saturn, for taking the kingdom from their father Coelus, to whom, as being the elder brother, it justly belonged; and the giants against Jupiter, for confining their brothers the Titans to Tartarus +

His

PHLEGY AS, the fon of Mars, was king of the Lapitha, a people of Theffaly, whofe capital was Pelethronium, where the ufe of the bit was invented, Serv. in Virg. G. iii. 115. Pliny fays, this invention was made by one Pelethronius, vii. 56. Phlegyas was one of the greatest warriors of his time. daughter Corōnis, was mother to Efculapius by Apollo, Paufan. ii. 9. To avenge this indignity Phlegyas burnt the temple of Delphi. On which account he was flain by Apollo; and placed in Tartarus, under a hollow rock, with meat before him, which he was prevented from tasting, by a conftant terror left the rock fhould fall on him, Stat. Theb. i. 713. He with a loud voice admonifhed all to practife juftice, and reverence religion, Virg. n. vi. 618.

IXION was the son of Phlegyas. Being raised to heaven, he attempted to feduce Juno; but fhe having informed Jupiter of the matter, at his defire, fubftituted a cloud in her place; whence the Centaurs are said to have been produced, Serv. in Virg. Æn. vi. 286. Diodorus makes Jupiter to substitute the cloud, iv. 69. Ixion however had the prefumption to boast of too great familiarity with Juno. On which account he was ftruck with thunder to hell, and by the order of Jupiter tied by Mercury to a wheel, which continually whirls round, Hygin. 62. (Volvitur Ixion; et fe fequiturque, fugitque ;) Ovid. Met. iv. 461.; Virg. G. iv. 484.

Pirithous, the friend of Thefeus, was the fon of Ixion, (Ixionides,) Ovid. Met. viii. 566. or of Jupiter, by the wife of Ixion, Homer. Il. xiv. 318. hence faid to be fprung from the gods, Virg. Æn. vi. 394.

"Whence the name of Titanes, (ÚTO TñÇ TIDEWs, i. e. ab ultione,) Serv. ibid.

The Titans are fuppofed to be called genus antiquum Terre, to distinguish them from the giants, who were produced afterwards, Virg. Æn. vi. 580. So Cicero, de nat. D. ii. 28. JAPETUS, the father of Prometheus, was one of the Titans; hence he is called TITAN, Juvenal. xiv. 34. and Pyrrha, his granddaughter, TITANIA, Ovid. Met. i. 395. So HYPERION, the father of Sol and of the stars, whence the fun is called TITAN, Cic. in Orat. 60.; Virg. Æn. iv. 119. Ovid. Met. i. 10. ii. 113. vi. 438. x. 79. & 174. xi. 257. and Diaua or the Moon, TITANIA, Ib. iii. 173. vi. 346. xiv. 438. or TITANIS, Stat. Theb. i. 337. SO TITANIA ASTRA, Virg. Æn. vi. 625. and as Sol is put for DIES, Herat. od. iv. 2. 26. Virg. Æn. iii. 203. so lu&ificus Titan, the difmal day of the batde of Pharfalia, or the fun which ushered it in, Lucan. vii. 2. Juvenal, by a metonymy, puts Titanis pugna for the Titans who fought, viii. 132.

The

The CENTAURS are said to have been half men and half horfes, hence called BIMEMBRES or BIFORMES, and NUBIGENE, from the ftory of their birth, Virg. Æn. viii. 293. also SEMIHOMINES, Ovid. Met. xii. 536.; SEMIVIRI, Id. ep. ix. 141.; and SEMIFERI, i. e. Semiequi, Lucan. vi. 386.; alfo Offai bimembres, from the place of their abode, Stat. Theb. xii. 554. The fable of their figure is supposed to have arisen from their being the firft that fought on horfeback, Plin. vii. 56. when the rider and his horse might be taken for one and the fame being, as the Spanish cavalry at firft were by the Mexicans *.

The chief Centaurs mentioned by Virgil were, HYLÆUS and PHOLUS, viii. 293. a great number are recounted by Ovid, Met. xii. 220, &c. The most renowned of the Centaurs was CHIRON, the fon of Saturn and Philyra, hence called Phil rides, Virg. G. iii. 550. remarkable for his knowledge of medicine, mufic, and fhooting; alfo for his juftice and piety, Plin. vii. 56.; Hygin. 274.; Poet. Aftron. ii. 38.; Diodor. iv. 12. and in that refpect different from the other Centaurs, Stat. Achill. i. 111. the nurfe and preceptor of Achilles, Ib. 116. & 477.; Paufan. iii. 18. v. 19. ix. 31. of Æfculapius, Ovid. Met. ii. 630. and of Hercules. Being accidentally wounded by one of the arrows of Hercules, he prayed to be deprived of immortality, and was converted into the conftellation SAGITTARIUS. The conteft between the Centaurs and Lapithe at the marriage of Pirithous, the fon of Ixion and Hippodamia, the daughter of Adraftus, and the wars which sprung from thence, are celebrated by the poets, Ovid. Met. xii. 210. &c.; Horat. od. i. 18. 8. ii. 12. 5.

JASON and the ARGONAUTS.

Of all the stories recorded in fabulous hiftory, none is more celebrated than the expedition of the ARGONAUTS under JASON, the fon of Aefon (fonides), king of Iolcos and Alcimede. After his father's death PELIAS, his uncle, the fon of Neptune and the nymph Tyro, the daughter of king Salmō

The first Centaurs therefore were probably fo named from their being xevropas izxwv, i. e. fimulatores equorum, as Homer expreffes it, I. v. 102. HIPPOCENTAURI, Cic. N. D. i. 38. ii. 2.; so Serv. in Virg. G. iii. 115.; Lucret. iv. 743. Some make the Hippocentauri the offspring of the Centaurs, Diodor. iv. 70. Pliny mentions his having feen an animal of this kind, vii. 3. but Lucretius denies their exiftence, v. 876. 888.; fo Cicero, Ibid. Div. ii. 21.; Tufc. i 37.

ncus,