IV. VULCAN was the fon of Jupiter and Juno, according to Homer, II. i. 578.; but as others fay, of Juno alone, Apollodor. i. 3. 5. Jupiter threw him from heaven, for having affifted his mother when she was fufpended from heaven by Jupiter, because she had raised a ftorm against Hercules when he failed from Troy, after taking it. Vulcan fell in the island Lemnos, whence he is called LEMNIUS, Stat. Silv. iv. 6. 49. PATER LEMNIUS, Virg. Æn. viii. 454. and being lamed by the fall, was faved by Thetis, Ib. & ii. 7. 1.; Homer. Il. i. 590. He is faid to have been thrown down by Juno, Hymn. ad. Apoll. 317.

Vulcan was the inventor of the forge, or of working in metals; hence he was worshipped as the god of fire and of fmiths, Diodor. v. 74. and called MULCIBER, -běris v. -bris, Cic. Tufc. ii. 4.; Ovid. Met. ii. 5. xiv. 533.; Art. Am. ii. 562. His work-fhop (officina) was chiefly in Lemnos, in Lipăre, near Sicily, or in a cave under mount Etna. His workmen were called CYCLOPES, the Cyclops, from having but one eye, of a circular form, in the middle of their forehead, (a xuxxos, circulus, et w, oculus:) There was a number of them, but the names of three only are mentioned, Brontes, Steropes and Arges or Pyracmen, who forged thunder bolts for Jupiter, Hefiod. Theog. 140.; Virg. Æn. vii. 416. &c.; Cic. Div. ii. 19.

The fervices of Vulcan were fo acceptable to Jupiter, that he gave him his choice of any of the goddeffes for a wife. Vulcan afked Minerva, but the rejected him, Hygin. 166.; Apollodor. iii. 14. 6. He afterwards married Venus, who proved unfaithful to him, fee p. 363. and often ridiculed his figure, Ovid. Art. Am. ii. 567.

Vulcan is ufually reprefented as an ugly lame blacksmith, holding a hammer in his hand and heated from the forge, (feffus, Siculáque incude rubens, Stat. Silv. i. 5. 7.) Ciccro mentions feveral Vulcans, De Nat. D. iii. 22.

Vulcan was the father of the monfter CACUS by Medufa, who was flain by Hercules, fee p. 186. of CACULUS, who founded Prænefte, Virg. En, vii. 678, x. 544. &c.

V. APOLLO and DIANA were twin children of Latona by Jupiter, whence fhe is called GEMELLIPĂRA DIVA, Ovid. Met. vi. 315. and they, STIRPS LATOIA, Id. Trift. iii. 2. 3. LATONA was the daughter of the giant CAUS or Polus, v. Pholus, and PHEBE, Heliod. Theog. 404.; Ovid. Met. vi. 185.; Hygin. 1. & 140.; Diodor. v. 66. & 67. hence call

ed

ed TITANIS, -idis, as being the grand-daughter of Titan, Ovid. ib. or TITANIA, Ib. 346. according to Homer, the daughter of Saturn, Hymn. in Apoll. 62.

Juno, perceiving Latona to be with child by Jupiter, expelled her from heaven, and made Terra, or the Earth, fwear not to allow her a place to bring forth in, Ovid. Met. vi. 186. She employed a large ferpent (draco), called PYTHON, the fon of Terra, or produced fpontaneously from the earth, Ovid. Met. i. 438. (a vw, putrefacio, quod ex putredine terræ poft deluvium Deucalionis natus fit, Macrob. Sat. i. 17.) to pursue Latona, wherever fhe went, that he might kill her. This ferpent used to give refponfes as an oracle on mount Parnaffus, before the time of Apollo, Hygin. 140.; Ælian. iii. 1.; others fay this was done by the goddefs THEMIS, Lucan. v. 81.; Scholiaft. in Juvenal. i. 82. hence called FATIDICA, Ovid. Met. i. 1. 321. and PARNASSIA, Ib. iv. 643.

Python, knowing that he was to be destroyed by the offfpring of Latona, if she produced any, eagerly fought her deftruction, and therefore never ceafed to perfecute her, Hygin. ib. At laft Neptune had compaffion on Latona, and carried her to Delos in the Ægean fea; which being a floating island, was not included in the oath of Terra. Neptune made this ifland rife above the waters, whence its name, (dnλos, manifeftus,) and fixed it for the reception of Latona, where the, leaning on an olive tree, brought forth Apollo and Diana, Ib. & Ovid. Met. vi. 335. Virgil makes Delos to be afterwards rendered immoveable by Apollo, who bound it to two other adjoining iflands, Gyăros and Myconus, Æn. iii. 75. Latōna is laid to have come to Delos in the form of a quail, into which he was changed by Jupiter; whence the island was called ORTYGIA, (from 'Opruž, 'OpTvyes, coturnix, a quail,) but others apply this to her fifter, Serv. in Virg. Æn. iii. 73. Diana is faid to have been born firft, and to have affifted her mother in bringing forth Apollo; whence, although a virgin, fhe was invoked by women in child-birth, Ib. under the name of LUCINA, ILLITHYA, and GENITALIS or GENETYLLIS, Horat. carm. fec. 14.; Cic. Nat. D. ii. 27. Herodotus makes Latona only the nurse of Apollo, ii. 156.

Apollo and Diana, foon after their birth, were prefented by Vulcan with arrows. With thefe Apollo flew the ferpent Python, Stat. Theb. i. 563. whence he himself was called PyTHIUS, Horat. od. i. 16. 6.; Propert. ii. 31. 16. and his priest

efs

efs PYTHIA*, Lucret. i. 740.; Cic. Div. i. 36. Having put the ferpent's bones into a kettle (cortina), he placed it in his temple at Delphi, whence CORTINA is put for the tripod or three-footed machine, as Diodorus calls it, xvi. 26. on which the priestess fat, or for the oracle, Virg. Æn. iii. 92. vi. 347.; Ovid. Met. xv. 635.; Plin. xxxiv. 3. f. 8.; Val. Flacc. i. 6. He also instituted folemn games in memory of the deed, called PYTHIA, fc. certamina, the Pythian games, Hygin. ib.; Macrob. Sat. i. 17.; Ovid. Met. i. 445.

APOLLO + was worshipped as the god of poetry, mufic, medicine, augury, and archery, Ovid. Met. i. 517.-525. chiefly the four first arts, Horat. carm. fec. 61. called alfo PHOEBUS, q. pws Bry, lux vita; and SoL, Cic. Nat. D. ii. 27.; Macrob. Sat. i. 17. and by various other names, derived chiefly from the places where he was particularly worshipped; DELIUS, from the ifland Delos, where he was born; CYNTHIUS, from Cynthus, a mountain in Delos, Virg. Ecl. vi. 3.; PATĂREUS, in three fyllables, Horat. od. iii. 4. 64. from Patăra, a city in Lycia, where he was fuppofed to refide for fix months in winter, and during the fummer in Delos, Virg. Æn. iv. 143. &ib. Serv.; THYMBRAUS, Virg. Æn. iii. 85. from Thymbra, a place near Troy, Strab. xiii. 598.; GRYNÆUS, Virg. Æn. iv. 345. from Grynæum, fc. nemus, a grove near Clazoměne, a city in Ionia, Serv. ib. & Virg. Ecl. vi. 72. or from Grynium, a city of Æolis, Strab. xiii. 622. & 618.; CLARIUS, from Claros, a town in Ionia, Virg. Æn. iii. 360. & ibi. Serv.; SMINTHEUS, Ovid. Met. xii. 585. from his deftroying the mice (a) which infefted Smintha, a town in Troas, Strab. xiii. 605. & 613.; LATOUS, as being the fon of Latōna, Horat. od. i. 31. 18. fo LATOIS, -idis, Diana, Ovid. ep. xxi. 153. Apollo was called PEAN, Cic. Verr. iv. 57.; Suet. Ner. 39.; either from the fatal effect of his arrows, (utpote metuendus certa fagittá, Horat. od. i. 12. 23. a αiw, percutio,) whence PARCE, PRECOR, PEAN, Juvenal. vi. 171; PONE ARCUM, PÆAN, Aufan. epigr. 102. or from his curing difeafes, (a za pro nauw, ceffare facio,) Feftus. & Macrob. Sat. i. 17. hence paan is put for a joyful fong, Virg. Æn. x. 738. vi. 657. properly a song in praise of Apollo, also of any

But Strabo derives this name año тy audiodai, a percundando, quod confulerentur, ix. 419. contrary to the rules of quantity. Paufanias gives a different origin of the word, x. 6.

+ Quafi áronλwv, perdens, Fulgent. II. vel. &zoλλuwv, Joban. Apocalypf. vel Revelation. ix. II.

other

other god, Serv. ibi. & Stat. Theb. iv. 157.; Io PEAN! was an exclamation ufed upon victory or fuccefs, Ovid. Art. Am. ii. i.; Propert. iii. 15. 42.-- After the victory of Auguftus at Actium, Apollo, who had a temple at Actium, Thucydid. i. 29. and who was fuppofed to have greatly contributed to his fuccefs, was called ACTIUS, Virg. En. viii. 704.; Propert. iv. 6. 67.; Strab. vii. 325. hence Ovid calls him LEUCADIUS DEUS, Trißi iii. 1. 42.

Apollo was called AGYIEUS, (in three fyllables,) because the Greeks used to erect ftatues to him in their streets, (ayviai, vici,) Macrob. Sat. i. 17. hence levis Agyieu, O beardless Apollo, Horat. od. iv. 6. 28. et ibi Acron.

Apollo had oracles in various places; at Claros, near Colophon, in Ionia, Tacit. Ann. ii. 54. xii. 22. where perfons, after drinking the water of a certain fountain, uttered predictions, Ib. & Plin. ii. 103. f. 106. f. v. 29. f. 31. at Patára and in Tenědos, Ovid. Met. i. 515. but his chief oracle was at Delphi, lb. Juvenal. vi. 554. See p. 306. Apollo fometimes imparted to men the gift of prophecy, Serv. in. Virg. ii. 247. iii. 251. as he did his other arts, Ib. xii. 393.

Apollo was represented as a beardless young man, with long uncut hair (intonfus crinis), like Bacchus, Tibull. i. 4. 37. hence called 'Axepoexoμns, Homer. Il. i. 39. holding in his right hand a bow and arrows, and in his left hand a harp or lyre, which he received from his brother Mercury, Horat. od. i. 21. 12. having his head crowned with laurel, which tree was facred to him, Ovid. Met. i. 558. hence called APOLLINEA, Ovid. Faft. vi. 91. or PHOEBEA, Trift. iv. 2. 51. and those who pretended to prophecy ate of it, as the Sibyl, Tibull. ii. 5. 63. hence Laurigeros ignes haurire, to receive the infpiration of Apollo, Stat. Achill. i. 508.; fo poets, Juvenal. vii. 19. who also were crowned with it, Horat. od. iii. 30. 15. as likewise generals in a triumph, Virg. Ecl. viii. 13.; Ovid. Am. ii. 12. 1.; Met. i. 560.; Plin. xv. 30. f. 39. The raven was facred to Apollo, hence called Ales PHOEBEIUS, Ovid. Met. ii. 544.

We commonly find joined with Apollo the nine muses, the daughters of Jupiter and Mnemosynè; Calliope, Clio, Erăto, Thalia, Melpomene, Terpsichore, Euterpe, Polyhymnia, and Urania, whofe offices are defcribed, Aufon. Eidyll. 20.; Diodor. iv. 7. They are called the fifters of Apollo, (Hyantia Sorores, i. e. his Boeotian fifters, becaufe fuppofed often to refide in Bocotia or Hyantia,) Stat. Silv. ii. 7. 8. The chief of them (dux ipfa) was Calliope, Ib. v. 3. 15.

Although

Although Apollo was faid to prefide over medicine, which is hence called ARS APOLLINEA, Ovid. Trift. iii. 3. 10. yet ESCULAPIUS, the fon of Apollo (Phabigena), and of the nymph CORONIS, Hygin. 202.; Paufan. ii. 26. (CORONIDES, Ovid. Met. xv. 624. or ARSINOE, Apollodor. iii. 1o.) was worshipped in a more particular manner as the god of medicine, on account of his numerous difcoveries in that art, Diodor. iv. 71. He was inftructed by the centaur Chiron, Apollodor. iii. 10. 3. By his fkill (pæoniis herbis, by medicinal herbs,) Æfculapius reftored Hippolytus to life and fo many others, that Pluto is faid to have complained to Jupiter of the diminution of his empire, and of being deprived of fubjects by the numerous cures of Æfculapius, Diodor. ib.; Apollodor. iii. 10. 3. on which account Jupiter, enraged that any one fhould break the order of the fates, drove him by a thunderbolt to the infernal regions, Virg. Æn. vii. 770. Apollo, from refentment, flew with his arrows the Cyclops, who had forged the thunderbolts. Jupiter, incenfed at this, expelled Apollo from heaven, and deprived him of his divinity. Apollo became the flave of Admētus, a king of Theffaly, whofe fheep and herds he kept for nine years, Serv. in Virg. Æn. vii. 761. Ecl. v 35.; Ovid. Met. ii. 679.; Hygin. 49. 50.; Lactant. in Stat. Theb. v. 434. vi. 376.; Ovid. Art. Am. ii. 239. ep. v. 151.; Tibull. ii. 3. 11. iii. 4. 67. Apollodorus fays, for one year, iii. 10. 4. but in another place he makes one year equal to eight, iii. 4. 2. hence he was called NOMIUS, from us, pafco, and Paftor ab Amphryfo, the Amphryfian fhepherd, Virg. G. iii. 2. from the river Amphryfus, near which he fed his flock, Lucan. vi. 368. whence the fibyl is called Amphryfia vates, i. e. Apollinea, the prophetefs of Apollo, Virg. En. vi. 398.

Mercury one day, in the fhape of a boy, carried off by ftealth fome of Apollo's cows; and while Apollo threatened him with punishment if he did not restore them, Mercury took away his quiver fo artfully, that Apollo was obliged to finile, Horat. od. i. 10. 9.; Ovid. Met. ii. 685.; Homer. hymn. ad Mercur. Mercury, to pacify Apollo, gave him his lyre, which he had lately invented, and permitted Apollo to claim the invention of it to himfelf. In return, Apollo prefented Mercury with a golden rod, which he had ufed as his crook or fhepherd's ftaff, Apollodor. iii. 10. 2. With this rod Mercury afterwards, as he was travelling through Arcadia, feparated two ferpents, which he happened to obferve by the way, fighting together; whence a rod with two ferpents twining round it, or a CADUCE US, becaine the emblem of peace, Hy