Limnaa, Polyb. v. 5. and Argos, called Amphilochicum, Liv. xxxviii. 10. from Amphilochus, the fon of Amphiaraus, who founded it, after his return from the Trojan war, Thucydid. ii. 68. Strabo fays it was founded by his brother Alemæon, vii. 325.

The chief city of Acarnania was STRATUS v. -os. Thueydid. ii. 80. which Livy places in Ætolia, xliii. 21. above two hundred fadia, or twenty-five miles from the mouth of the river Achelous, Strab. x. 450. —— Near the mouth of it was Oeniăda, Liv. xxvi. 24.; Polyb. iv. 65. Aftacus and Nafum, Ib. At a diftance from the fea were, Metropolis, Thyreum, Palarus, &c.

The capital of Acarnania, in later times, was LEUCAS, Liv. xxxiii. 17. built by a colony from Corinth, Thucydid. i. 30. on the isthmus which joined the peninfula of Leucadia to the main land, Id. iii. 94. iv. 8. This ifthmus was dug through by the inhabitants, probably after the time of Thucydides, for he fpeaks of fhips being carried over the ifthmus, iii. 81.; and thus Leucadia became an island, Liv. ib. called alfo LEUCAS, Ovid. Met. xv. 289.; Flor. iv. 11. and anciently NERITIS, as the town was NERITUM, Plin. iv. 1. or Nericon, Homer. Od. w. 376. joined to the continent by a bridge, Strab. x. 452. The artificial ftrait was called DIORYCTOs, i. e. perfoffus, three ftadia long, Ib. & Polyb. v.

5.

On the fouth-west point of Leucadia was a high mountain, called Leucata vel -tes, now St Maura; whence a white rock (neu×n #eтpa,) projected into the fea towards Cephalenia, which is thought to have given name both to the mountain and the island*, Strab. x. 452.; Serv. in Virg. Æn. viii. 677.

2. THES

Here was a temple of Apollo, whence annually, at a folemn facrifice, to avert the divine wrath, fome criminal was thrown into the fea, with 'eathers of various kinds, and birds fufpended from his body, to lighten his fall; to which Ovid alludes, ep. xv 179. If he efcaped death he was banished from that country, Strab. x. 452. The appearance of this temple is laid by Virgil to have been formidable to mariners, En iii 275. because it was customary to facrifice fome one of them, Serv. in loc. or rather from the danger of failing round the promontory, Ib. & Cic. Att. v. 9.

From this rock was the famous lovers leap, which was fuppofed to cure thofe who took it, of their hopelefs pafion, (το άλμα το τους έρωτας παύειν πεπιτευμέ vov,) Strab. ib. whence feveral perfons are faid to have thrown themfelves, Cic. Tufc. iv. 18.; Ovid. ep. xv. 167. Among the re, SAPPHO, the celebrated poctefs of Lefbos, who being feized with a violent paffion for PuAoN, and being treated by him with difdain, threw herself from this precipice and was killed, Strab. x. 452. Phaon is faid to have been a feryman, to whom Venus, op account of his attention to her, gave a box of ointment, which rendered him Rr 2 the

2. THESPROTIA, vel -tis; the inhabitants, Thefproti. Chief towns; AMBRACIA, which gave name to the gulph, fituate near the mouth of the river Arethon or Arachthus. At fome distance from the top of the gulph, the royai feat of Pyrrhus, Strab. vii. 325.; Liv. xxxviii. 3. & 4.; Mel. ii. 3. built by a colony from Corinth, Thucydid. ii. 80. The inhabitants

were called Ambracienfes or Ambraciōta. The gulph is thirtynine miles long and fifteen miles broad; at the entrance, only about half a mile broad, Plin. iv. 1.; Strabo fays, little more than four stadia, vii. 324. Polybius makes the gulph three hundred ftadia long, and one hundred ftadia broad, iv. 63. It has good, harbours all around, Strab. ib. Near Ambracia was a strong place called Ambrăcus, situate among marshes, Polyb. ib. North from the gulph ftood ELATIA, Liv. xxxii. 24. or ELATRIA, Strab. ib.

On the ftrait which feparates Corcyra from the main land were, Pofidium, Buthrōtum v. -us, Portus Pelodis v. Peloeis, i. e. canofus, (a nλos, cænum vel lutum,) the promontory of Thyamis, called from a river of that name, near which Atticus, the friend of Cicero, had an eftate (prædia), Cic. Att. vii. 2. South of it was Chimarium, and Ephyra or Cichyrus, near the lake Acherufia, through which the river Acheron ran into a bay called Portus, or Sinus Glycys (yaunus,) from the fweetness of its water, Strab. ib.; Thucydid. i. 47.; Paufan. viii. 7. Into the Acheron, or near it, flows a stream of a very difagreeable flavour, named CocYTUS, Paufan i. 17. and not far diftant is the lake Aornus or Avernus, which exhales peftilential vapours that infect the air, Id. ix. 30. Paufanias

the most beautiful of men; fo that all the women of Mitylene fell in love with him, which in the end proved fatal to himself, Ælian. xii. 18. Pliny afcribes his beauty to the effect of a certain herb, xxii. 8. f. 9. Ovid fuppofes Sappho to have been diftreffed during the abfence of Phaon, who had gone to Sicily, from an apprehension of his neglect; and before fhe had recourse to the defperate cure of Leucate, to have written a letter to him, ep. xv. Horace reprefents Sappho in the infernal regions as complaining of the girls of her country, od. ii. 13. 25. according to fome, becaufe Phaon fhewed a preference to them; but more probably because they did not gratify, as he wished, her criminal paffion for themselves, Ovid. Trift. ii. 365.; ep. xv. 15. &c.

On account of this bafe paflion Sappho is fuppofed to be called MASCULA, by Horace, ep. i. 19. 28. but more probably for the manly vigour of her genius, which all the ancients admired, Strab. xiii. 617. The fame epithet is applied to her by Aufonius, Edyll. vi. 24. because, as fome think, fhe was the firft woman that leapt from Leucates, Strab. x. 452. none but men having attempted it before, whence fhe is faid faltus ingreffi viriles, Stat. Sylv. v. 3. 154. To this leap Virgil is thought to allude, Ecl. viii. 59. Servius speaks of perfons in his time, who ufed annually to engage for hire (fe auctorare,) to throw themselves from this rock, ad. Æn. iii. 279.

A little above the sea Strabo calls this the or north-west of the

thinks Homer took the names of his infernal lakes and rivers from those of Thefprotia, i. 17. were Buchatium, Pandofia, and Batia. country of the Caffopai, along the left Ambracian gulph, vii. 324.

3. MOLOSSIS, -idis, v. -fia, the country of the Molofi, north-eaft from Thefprotia. -- The most remarkable town was DonōNA, at the foot of mount Tomarus, Plin. iv. 1. famous for the temple and oracle of Jupiter, the most ancient in Greece, Herodot. ii. 52. placed by fome in Thefprotia, Paufan. i. 17.; Strab. vii. 328. built by the Pelafgi, who are faid to have called their gods by no other name than that of rulers of all things. They borrowed the names of their deities from the Egyptians*, Herodot. ib.

The other places of note in Moloffis were, PASSARO, where the kings, upon their acceffion to the crown, ufed to fwear that they would rule according to the laws; and the people of Epire, in like manner, fwore that they would defend the kingdom, Plutarch. in Pyrrbo;-TECMON, Phylace, Horreum, Liv.

xlv. 26.

There was a grove of oaks near Dodona which were fuppofed to speak, and thus to declare the answers of Jupiter, Lucan. vi. 426.; Stat. Theb. iii. 475-5 Ovid. Amer. iii. 10. 9. called quercus PELASGE, Id. art. am. ii. 541. hence habita Graiis oracula QUERCUS, Virg. G. ii. 16. Pigeons alfo perching on these trees were faid to utter oracles; because, as it is thought, in the Theffalian tongue, Peleiades denoted both female diviners and doves, Serv. in Virg, ecl. ix 13. as oaks were fuppofed to fpeak, because the priests of this oracle ufed to give their anfwers from the tops of these trees. Homer mentions only one oak, Od. xiv. 328; fo Paufanias, i. 17. Cicero, Att. ii. 4. and Herodotus, one prophetic dove, ii. 57. At first the answers of the oracle were given by men, but afterwards three old women were chofen for that purpose, Strab. vii. 329. Ambaffadors from Baotia being provoked by an improper anfwer returned by one of these priesteffes, threw her into the fire; whereupon it was determined that men only for the future.fhould pronounce the refponfes of the oracle to Bootians, Strab. ix. 402.

The celebrity of this temple was encreafed by two wonderful things which it contained. I. A cold fountain, which extinguished burning torches when immersed in it, like other fountains, but kindled torches not burning when brought near it. It always became dry at mid day, and then gradually increafing, overflowed at mid night, Plin. ii. 103. f. 103.; Mel. ii. 3. 4. 71. And -2. A brazen cauldron, which, from whatever caufe, always founded; as Pliny thinks from the agitation of the wind, xxxvi. 13.. 20.; fo Strabo, Supplem. vii. 329. Servius on Virgil, Æn. iii. 466. fays there were leveral vales of brafs, which all founded together if one was touched. In the time of Strabo, the oracle of Dodona, as well as others, had ceafed, Ib. 327. The prophetic oak had long before been cut down, Serv. ib. This oracle was fometimes confulted by drawing lots, Cic. Div. i. 34. ii. 32.

4. CHA.

4. CHAONIA, the inhabitants, CHAŎNES.- The chief towns along the coaft were, ORICUM, V. -us, fituate in a plain, Liv. xxiv. 40. north of the mountains called CERAUNII or Acroceraunii, vel -ia, from their tops being ftruck with thunder, (xepxvvos,) furrounded with rocks, which projected into the sea and were dangerous to mariners, Cæf. b. civ. iii. 6. hence called infames, Horat. od. i. 3. 20. From this was the fhorteft paffage to Italy, Virg. Æn. iii. 507. North of Oricum was Palafle, where Cæfar landed, when he croffed with his army in pursuit of Pompey, Ib. & Lucan, v. 460. In the middle of the Ceraunian mountains was the harbour PANORMUS, Strab vii. 324. then ONCHESMUS, oppofite to the west corner of Corcyra, lb. faid to be named from Anchises, Dionyf. i. p. 41. whence a wind favourable to those who failed for Italy was called ONCHESMĪTES, Cic. Att. vii. 2. South of this Caffiope, one thousand seven hundred ftadia from Brundufium, and then Phalacrum, at the fame diftance from Tarentum, Strab. ib.

The inland towns of Chaonia were, Antigonea, Polyb. ii. 5.5 Phanice, lb. &c. - Chaonia is faid to have been named from Chaon, the brother or companion of Helénus, the son of Priam, whom Helenus inadvertently killed in hunting, Serv. in Virg. n. ii. 334.

Strabo includes in Epire the Athamănes, Ethices, Tymphæi, Orefta, Perrhabi, Parorai, Atintanes, &c. vii. 326. fome of whom others join to different countries, Plin. iv. 2.; Liv. xxxviii. 1.-33. 34. Several of these nations lived near mount Pindus; fome of them extended as far north as the mountains of Illyricum, Strab. ib.

MOUNT PINDUs confifts of feveral ridges, which run between. Epire, Theffaly, and Macedonia.

Chaonius, an adjective, is often put by the poets for Epiroticus; thus, Chaonia columba, the pigeons of Dodona, Virg. Ecl. ix. 13. Frondes Chaonie, the oaks of Dodona, Stat. Theb. iii. 475.; fo Chaonium nemus, Id. vi. 99. Patris Chaonij glandes, i. e. Jovis, Virg. G. ii. 67. Vitus Chaonius, acorns, on which men were fuppofed to live before the invention of husbandry, Claudian, de rapt. Proferp. 3. 47. the fame with Chacnia glans, Virg. G. i. 8. Chanoit famula Jovis, the ftern of the fhip Argo (tutela carina,) fuppofed to be made of an oak of Dodona, (ex Dodonite quercu,) and therefore endued with the gift of prophecy, Val. Flace. i. 303. (utpote fatidicis avulfa filvis,) ib. 304. fee p. 317. Apollodorus makes it the prow, i. 9. 16.

THES

THESSALIA.

THESSALY, according to Herodotus, vii. 129. was every where furrounded by mountains; on the east, by Pelion and Offa; on the north, by Olympus; on the weft, by Pindus; and on the fouth, by Othrys and Oeta. Herodot. vii. 129.; Lucan. vi. 33. The plain between was called Theffalia, watered by a number of rivers, the chief of which were, the Penēus, Apidănus, Onochōnus, Enipeus, and Pamifus; all of them at last uniting in one ftreani, called the PENEUS, which runs by a narrow paffage between Olympus and Offa into the Sinus Thermaicus or the gulph of Salonichi. Theffaly is faid anciently to have been covered with water, when there was no outlet for these rivers into the fea. The paffage between Olympus and Offa is supposed to have been opened by an earthquake; or, as the Theffalians alledged, by Neptune, Ib. according to the poets, by Hercules, Lucan. v. 347. whence it is called HERCULEE FAUCES, Id. viii. I.

Along the banks of the Peneus, between Offa and Olympus, was a delightful vale, called TEMPE, Strab. ix. 430. about five miles long, of different breadth in different places *.

Into the Peneus, on the north, near Tempe, ran a river, iffuing from mount Titărus, contiguous to mount Olympus, called TITARES US or EUROTAS, Strab. ix. 441. Pliny calls it ORCOS, iv. 8. f. 15. the water of which being impregnated with oily particles, did not incorporate with the waters of the Peneus, but fwam on the furface, Ib. & Homer. ii. 754

* Pliny makes the breadth of Tempe a fifquijugerum. or an acre and a half, i. e. one hundred and eighty feet broad, Plin iv. 8. f. 15.; Elian makes it only a plethram, or one hundred feet wide, where narroweft, iii. 1. Modern travellers inform us, that in fome places it is above a quarter of a mile broad. It is defcribed by Pliny and Alian, Ib.; alfo by Livy, who reprefents it only. as a difficult defile, furrounded with dreadful precipices, xliv. 6. The poets celebrate it as one of the most delightful places in the world, Ovid. Met. i. 569. and call it THESSALA TEMPE, plur. 16. vii. 222.. Horat. ed. i. 7. 4. Penera TEMPE, Virg. G. iv. 317. to diftinguish it from other pleafant fpots of the fame kind; as, Heloria Tempe in Sicily, Ovid. Faft. iv. 477. see p. 263. Theumefia Tempe, in Baotia, Stat. Theb. i. 485. which feems to be the fame with what Ovid calls Cycneia TEMPE, Met. vn. 371. from a boy who threw himself from a rock, probably on mount Teumeffus, and was metamorphofed into a fwan, (cycnus,) Ib. 379. ΤΕΜΡΕ (q. τεμένεα, plur. contrαθε τεμνή, luca αγα buftis confita, Folice Tean,) is put ior any agreeable place, particularly for a vale on the fide of a river, fhaded with trees and furrounded with rifing grounds, hence frigida Tempe, Virg. G. ii. 469. Zephyris agitata TEMPE, H.rat. ed. iii. I. 24.

whence