Ariftotle continued to teach here for twelve years, till the death of Alexander; when being accufed by Eurymědon, a priest, of propagating impious tenets, and apprehending the fate of Socrates, he retired to Chalcis in Euboea, where he remained till he died, Strab. x. 448. in the fixty-third year of his age, B. C. 323. His body was conveyed to his native city Stagira, where his memory was honoured with an altar and a tomb.

Ariftotle was succeeded by his fcholar THEOPHRASTUS, who was fo popular at Athens, that he is faid to have been attended at one time by two thousand scholars, Laert. v. 37.`

The CYNOSARGES lay a little north of the Lyceum, on a rifing ground, containing a gymnafium, a temple of Hercules, and a facred grove, Liv. xxxi. 24. It is faid to have been named from a white or fwift dog (κυων άργος ν. κύων λεύκη,) which fnatched away part of the facrifice offered to Hercules, Hefych. & Paufan. i. 19. In this gymnafium foreigners, or citizens of half blood, that is, who had a foreigner for their mother, as Themistocles, performed their exercises, Plutarch. in Themift. princ. Here ANTISTHENES, the philofopher, taught his opinions; and hence, as some fay, he was called the Cynic, Laert. vi. 13. or, according to others, from his fnarling humour. From him those philofophers diftinguished by their rufticity and indelicacy of manners, called Cynics, derived their origin, Cic. Off. i. 35. & 41.

The purpose of Antifthenes, however, and of his immediate fucceffors, was to inculcate the love of rigid virtue, and a contempt of pleafure; that every one fhould ftudy to be, as Horace expreffes it, Virtutis veræ cufios rigidufque fatelles, ep. i. 1. 17. But that poet feems to prefer the accommodating manners of Ariftippus of Cyrene, the contemporary of Antif thenes, and alfo a fcholar of Socrates, Ib. 18. & 17.

So great was the ardour of Antifthenes for knowledge, that though he lived at the Piraus, he came every day to Athens, about five miles, to hear the lectures of Socrates. He early difcovered a propensity to severity of manners, by the meannets of his drefs. The intention of this Socrates is faid to have perceived, and to have faid to him, "Through your rags "I fee your vanity," Laert. vi. 8.; Ælian. ix. 35.

Antifthenes was fucceeded by DIOGENES, a native of Sinope in Pontus, hence called CYNICUS SINOPEUS, Ovid. Pont. i. 3. 67. whom Antifthenes, on his firft application to become his fcholar, rejected with threats, and even with blows;

but

but upon his perfeverance admitted him, and afterwards made him his companion and friend, Ælian. x. 16.; Laert. vi. 21.

Diogenes wore a coarse cloak, carried a wallet and a staff, made the porticoes and other public places his habitation, and depended upon cafual contributions for his fubfiftence. Being difappointed in procuring a cell, he took up his abode in a tub or large open veffel, Laert. ib.; Juvenal. xiv. 308. Alexander the Great is faid to have vifited him, and after converfing with him, to have asked, if there were any fervice he could render him, "Yes," fays Diogenes, "not to ftand between me

and the fun;" for he was then bafking himself: Upon which the king exclaimed, "If I were not Alexander, I would be Diogenes;" Senec. Benef. v. 4.; Cic. Tufc. v. 32.

The most distinguished philofopher of this feet after Diogenes, was CRATES, whofe fcholar was ZENO, the founder of the Stoics. The moral doctrines of these two fects were nearly the fame, hence they are joined by Juvenal, xiii. 121. and are faid to differ only in dress, (tunicâ diftare,) Ib. 122.

Divifion of the INHABITANTS of ATHENS.

THE inhabitants of Athens were of three kinds; citizens, (TOMITA,) fojourners or foreigners, μromo, inquilini,) and flaves, (So.) The number of citizens, or of men able to bear arms, in the time of Cecrops, was twenty thousand, and under Pericles they were hardly fo many, Plutarch. in Pericle. By an account taken under Demetrius Phalereus, the number of citizens was twenty-one thousand; of foreigners, ten thoufand; and of flaves, four hundred thousand *, Athena. vi.

The foreigners had no fhare in the government, but each put himself under the protection of fome citizen, Terent. Eun. v. 9. 9. to whom he was obliged to render certain fervices, as the clients at Rome did to their patrons t

But fome fuppofe an error in Athenæus, and that the number of flaves was only forty thoufand.

They paid annually to the ftate a tribute of twelve drachma, (about nine fhillings,) for heads of families, and fix drachmæ for their wives and children. Such as failed might be fold as flaves, which is faid to have happened to Xenocrates the philofopher; on which occafion Demetrius Phalereus purchafed him, and then gave him his liberty, Laert. iv. 14.; but Plutarch fays he was rescued by Lycurgus the orator, in Flamin. p. 375. It was made capital for strangers to intrude themfelves into the affemblies of the people.

The

The Athenians treated their flaves with great humanity. There was an asylum for them in the temple of Thefeus, Plu tarch. in vita ejus.

The Athenians, according to their fortune, were divided into four claffes. Thofe who had an income of 500 medimni, that is, measures of corn or oil, compofed the first clafs, and were called Pentacofio-medimni. Thofe who had 300 medimni of income, and could maintain a horfe for the war, compofed the second class, and were called Horfe-men or Knights. Thofe who had only 200 medimni compofed the third clafs, and were called Zeugita. Thofe who had not that income formed the fourth clafs, and, although they had the right of fuffrage, were excluded from all offices of truft, Pollux. viii. 10.; Plutarchs in Solone.

Cecrops divided the Athenians into four tribes; Clifthenes, the chief of the family of Alcmeon, who had contributed greatly to the expulfion of Pifiitratus, divided them into ten When Demetrius, the fon of Antigonus, expelled the Macedonians from Athens, two tribes more were added.

By the laws of Solon, the fovereign power was vested in the people, who determined every thing of importance in their affemblies, (ixxxx,) where all the citizens had an equal vote, except fuch as, for any crime, were declared infamous, (aru,) and on that account were excluded.

To prepare bufinefs for the cognifance of the people, and to perform various other public functions, Solon inftituted a SENATE, confifting at first of four hundred members, one hundred out of each tribe; and afterwards of five hundred, when the number of tribes was increased to ten, fifty being chofen out of each. The fenators were all chofen by lot, and in like manner the perfons who prefided in the fenate, called Prytănes. The fenate was elected annually, and the prefident changed every day. When the tribes were ten in number, each tribe in its turn furnished prefidents for thirty-five days, and the first four tribes for thirty-fix days each, which made up three hundred and fifty-four days, the length of a lunar year, being that first in ufe among the Greeks *.

The fenate met every day except on festivals. The place where it met was called Prytaneum. Here the fenators of that tribe whofe turn it was to prefide, were for the time fupported

When the tribes were made twelve, the fenators of each tribe prefided for a month; and then the number of the fenate was fix hundred; but this did not take place till after Athens had loft its independence.

at the public expence. They divided themfelves into five decurie, or committees of ten, and the feven feniors of each decuria prefided alternately for feven fucceflive days. He who was prefident of the fenate, prefided alfo in the aflembly of the people; and during the fhort continuance of his office was intrufted with the feal of the republic, and with the keys of the citadel and of the treasury.

The affemblies of the people were either ordinary or extraordinary. There were four ordinary meetings every thirtyfive or thirty-fix days. Extraordinary aflemblies were fummoned when occafion required.

The affemblies of the people were held in the Forum, in the Payx, or in the theatre of Bacchus. There lay an appeal to the people from all the decrees of the fenate; but the people could deliberate about nothing, unless laid before them by the fenate.

The chief magiftrates of Athens were the nine archons. The firft archon was called The ARCHON, by way of eminence, or Eponymes, from his name appearing at the head of all acts and decrees for that year; the fecond archon was called Bastus, or the King; the third, the Polemarch; and the other fix, Thefmothěta. These archons had each a particular jurifdiction. Their perfons were facred. They wore a crown of myrtle as the fymbol of their authority, Pollux. viii. 9. $86.

The chief court of judicature at Athens was the Areopagus, fo called from the place of its meeting, the Areopagus, or hill of Mars *.

A guard of Scythians, and other barbarians, called Toxutai, were maintained by the public, to be in readiness to aflift the magiftrates in executing the sentences of courts of justice, and preferving order in the public affemblies, Pollux. viii. 10.; Ariftoph. in Acharn. v. 54.; Lyfijt. v. 434. They were so fond

A body of priests, called Eumolpide, judged concerning the violation of certain facred rites, particularly of thofe of Ceres, and ufually with the greatcft rigour. Perfons accused of impiety were fometimes tried before courts of juftice; thus fchylus the poet, Zelian. v. 19. Anaxagöras, Laurt. ii. 13. Protagoras having, in the beginning of a book, expreffed a doubt about the existence of the gods, was banished Athens, and his books burnt in the forum, Laert. ix. 51.; Cic. Nat. D. i. 23. Alcibiades, upon a fufpicion of having mutilated the ftatues of Mercury, was condemned to die, his cftates fold, and the pricfts ordered to pronounce imprecations against him, Nep. 4.; Plutarch, p. 202. Even the flighteit tranfgreflions against religion were fometimes punifhed capitally, Æliam. v. 16. & 17.; Pellux. ix. 6. § ~5.

of

of wine that," to drink like a Scythian," became proverbial for drinking to excefs, Herodot. vi. 84.

The following are a few of the most remarkable laws of Solon.

In public diffenfions every citizen was obliged to take a side, under pain of banifhment, Gell. ii. 12.; Plutarch. in Solone.

Whoever lived an idle life, fquandered his father's property, or refused to fupport his parents when in want, was declared infamous. But if the father had neglected to breed his fon to fome trade, the fon was not bound to maintain his father, although in want. Children born of a courtezan were also exempted from this obligation. It was incumbent on members of the Areopagus to inquire by what means every perfon fubfifted; which regulation is thought to have been borrowed from the Egyptians, Herodot. ii. 177.; Diodor. i. p. 70.

Young women, unless heireffes, brought no fortune to their hufbands, but three fuits of cloaths, and fome moveables of little value, that marriages might not be contracted from interested motives.

An archon who appeared in public with the enfigns of his office, in a state of intoxication, was liable to be put to death, Laert. in Salon. § 57.

Children whofe parents had fallen in the fervice of their country, were to be educated at the public expence till the age of twenty-one.

He who kept company with diffolute women, was not permitted to speak in the afferablies of the people.

Those who had no children might leave their goods to whom they pleafed; which was not formerly the cafe, but the next heirs always fucceeded.

It was prohibited to fpeak ill of the dead; and likewife to revile the living at facred folemnities, in courts of justice, or at the public fpectacles.

Solon made no law against parricide, to render that crime the more an object of horror, by supposing it impoffible, Cic. Rofc. 25.

The laws of Solon were written on wooden tables, Gell. ii. 12. and exposed to the view of the citizens. The people bound themselves by an oath to ob erve them for an hundred years. Solon then left Athens and went into foreign countries, where he remained for ten years, Plutarch.