The other towns of Laconica were, SELASIA, famous for the defeat of Cleomenes, Paufan. ii. 9.; Plutarch. in vita ejus; Delium, Epidaurus Liměra, Prafia, Cyphanta, Leuca, Phera vel Phara, Cynosūra, v. -a, Tripõlis, Pităna, &c.

V. ARCADIA, the country of fhepherds, facred to Pan. -Its chief cities were, TEGEA, whence Pan is called TEGEEUS, Virg. G. i. 18. Pallantium or Pallanteum, the city of Evander; Mantinea, famous for the death of Epaminondas; and Megalopolis, founded by that commander, Paufan. iv. 27. ix. 14. On the confines of Laconia, Belbina; its territory, ager Belbinitis, Liv. 34. 38. Arcadia was very populous. It was faid to contain three hundred thousand flaves, Athenæus, vi. 60.

Arcadia abounded with lofty mountains *.

Towards the north of Arcadia was a woody hill, called NoNACRIS, Plin. iv. 6. f. 10.; Ovid. Faft. ii. 275. near which was a town and district of the fame name, Vitruv. viii. 3. Here, from a fteep rock, diftilled a deadly water, forming a fmall stream, called Styx, which proved fatal to every one that tafted of it, Plin. ii. 103.; Senec. Nat. 2. iii. 25. It ran into the river Crathis, Paufan. viii. 18. This water corroded every substance, except the hoofs of certain animals, as of a horse, an ass, or a mule. By means of it Alexander the Great is faid to have been poifoned, Plin. xxx. fin.; Curt. x. 10. 16.3 Plutarch; Paufan. viii. 18. The Arcadians, when they had occafion to confirm any engagement by an inviolable oath, used

The chief mountains of Arcadia were, CYLLENE, where Mercury is fupposed to have been born, hence called CYLLENIUS, Virg. G. i. 336.; Æn. iv. 252. & 276. and Cyllenia proles, Ib. 258. MENALUS, frequented by the nymphs, Virg. Ecl. x. 55. whence Mænălii verfus, Arcadian or pastoral verses, Virg. Ecl. viii. 21.- ERYMANTHUS, covered with woods, famous for the wild boar flain by Hercules, Ib. Æn. vi. 802.-PARTHENIUS, faid to be fo named from the virgins (zap&tv01) who used to hunt in its forests, Serv. ad Virg. Erl. x. 57. hence Parthenii campi, the Arcadian plains, Ovid. ep. ix. 49. — LY- ; CAUS, often mentioned by Virgil, Ecl. x. 15. G. i. 16. iii. 2. 314. iv. 539. where was a temple of Pan, near which games were celebrated in honour of him, Paufan. viii. 38. whence Pan is called LYCEUS, Æn. viii. 344.; Liv. i. 5. and a place in Rome was named LUPERCAL, where the Lupercalia, or festival of Pan, inftituted by Evander, was celebrated, Ib. & Ovid. Faft. ii. 423.—STYMPHALUS, at the foot of which was a lake of the fame name, where Hercules deftroyed the famous birds of prey, called STYMPHALIDES, or STYMPHALIA' MONSTRA, Catull. Ixvi. 113 PARRHASIUS, a woody mountain, Stat. Theb. vii. 163, and cold, Ovid. Faft. ii. 276.; there was alfo a town called PARRHASIA, Plin. iv. 6. /. 10. The inhabitants of this city and mountain (PARRHASII) are laid to have been one of the most ancient tribes in Greece, Strab. viii. 388. hence Parrbafius, Arcadian, Ovid. Met. viii. 315. Parrbafis, -idis, Califto, 16. ii. 460. from her frequenting this m untin, Parrhafis arctos, the Urfa Major, Id. Trif. i. 3. 48. Parrbafia penne, the winged fandals of Mercury, Lucan, ix. 660.—PHOLOE, on the confines of Elis.

to

to go to the town Nonacris, and fwear by the water of STYX, Herodot. vi. 74. which probably gave rife to the fables of the poets concerning the infernal river of that name.

Near Nonacris was the town PHENEUS, Strab. viii. fin.; Virg. Æn. viii. 165.; and fouth-weft of it, CLITOR, Paufan. viii. 17.; Strab. ib. where was a fountain, the waters of which caufed a difguft at wine, Plin. xxxi. 2.; Vitruv. viii. 3.; Ovid. Met. xv. 322.

These, and other neighbouring towns, being greatly reduced by continual wars, the inhabitants of them were carried to Megalopolis (i. e. magna urbs), to people that new city, Strab. viii. 388. which itself did not exist long, but was destroyed by Cleomenes, king of Sparta, Polyb. v. 93.

Its chief town was AR

VI. ARGOLIS, (Apytiα.) GOS, or oftener ARGI, the favourite city of Juno, Virg. Æn. i. 24. fituate on the river INACHUS, which runs into the Argolic gulf, defended by two citadels, Liv. xxxiv. 25. The inhabitants were called ARGĪVI, Ib. often put for the Greeks in general. The harbour of Argos was NAUPLIA, fo called from its being filled with fhips, (a vaus, navis, et xw, impleo,) Strab. viii. 368. near which was Temenium, where Temenus, the firft of the Heraclidæ, that reigned at Argos, was buried, Ib. South of this was the lake of LIRNA, where Hercules flew the dreadful Hydra, and a river of the fame name, lb. & 371. abounding in fifh, Virg. Æn. xii. 518. Near Lerna was the fountain Amymone, Strab. ib.; Ovid. Met. ii. 240.

North of Argos flood MYCENAE, the city of Agamemnon, Virg. Æn. vi. 838. Both Mycene and Argos are celebrated for their breed of horfes, Horat. od. i. 7. 9. After Agamemnon, Mycena funk in its importance, till at last it was destroyed by the Argives, Strab. viii. 377.--North-weft of this was NEMEA; and near it a grove, where the Nemean games were celebrated three every Here Hercules is faid to have years. flain the Nemean lion, Ib.

Near Mycena was TRYNS, a ftrong fortrefs, Homer. II. ii. 66. the birth-place of Hercules, whence he is called TYRINTHIUS, Virg. Æn. vii. 662. viii. 228.; Ovid. Met. ix. 66. 268. xii. 564. TIRYNTHIUS HEROS, Ovid. Met. vii. 410. his mother Alcmena, TIRYNTHIA, I. vi. 112. and his arrows, TIThis town was alfo deftroyed RYNTHIA TELA, Ib. xiii. 401. by the Argives, Panfan. ii. 17.

At the bottom of the Argolic gulf, on the north, stood TROEZEN or Troczone, the refidence of Pittheus, the grand

father

father of THESEUS, (Pittheia regna, Ovid. ep. iv. 107). where that hero was educated, whence LELEX his companion is called TRO ZENIUS HEROS, Ovid. Met. viii. 566. It was named from its founder Troezen, the son of Pelops, and brother of Pittheus, who fucceeded him, Strab. viii. 374. To this place and to Salamis the Athenians, when they left their city upon the invafion of Xerxes, conveyed their wives and children, and most valuable effects, Nep. Themift. 2.; Cic. Off. iii. 11. Oppofite to Troezen, about half a mile from the land, is the ifland CALAURIA, where Demosthenes, being purfued by his enemies, put an end to his days by poifon*, Strab. ib.

Weft from Troezen, on the Saronic gulf, was EPIDAURUS, five miles from which ftood the famous temple of ASCULAPIUS, Liv. xlv. 28.; Plin. iv. 5. whence he is called EPIDAURIUS, Ovid. Pont. i. 3. 21.

At no great distance from Troezen was the promontory Scyllaum, fo called from Scylla the daughter of Nifus being buried there, and the port Bucephalus, Paufan. ii. 34.; Strab. viii. 373. both which fome place on the Saronic, and fome on the Argolic gulph. Near Scyllæum was the town Hermione, from which there was faid to be a fhort defcent to the infernal regions, and therefore no money was put in the mouth of those who died to pay Charon for freight, (naulum.) The inhabitants were called Halieis, because they lived in a great meafure by fishing, Strab. ib.

GRECIA PROPRIA.

GRÆCIA PROPRIA was bounded on the north by mount Othrys and Oēta, which divided it from Theffaly; on the weft, by the river Achelius, from Epire; on the fouth, by the Corinthian and Saronic gulphs, and the Ifhmus of Corinth, from Peloponnefus; and on the eaft, by the Egean fea, from Afia.

It was divided into feven parts, Attica, Megăris, Bæîtia, Phocis, Locris, Doris, and Ætolia.

I. ATTICA was anciently called Atthis, Actea or A&tè, from its maritime fituation; its capital, ATHENÆ, Athens, now Setines, the fchool of polite learning, arts, and sciences.

Here was held a convention of the deputies of feveral ftates, which Strabo calls of the Amphictyons, ('AμpixTuoviaris,) viii 374. but different from the general assembly of that uame, held at Delphi and Thermopylæ, b. ix. 420. DESCRIPTION

DESCRIPTION of ATHENS.

THE city of Athens at first confifted of nothing but the citadel, built on the top of a high rock, fixty ftadia, or seven miles and a half round, called CECROPIA, from Cecrops, the first king of Athens, afterwards ATHENÆ, as it is thought, from the Greek name of Minerva, 'Ann,) and by way of eminence, TM or dru, the city, Strab. ix. p. 396. When, from the increase of inhabitants, the lower grounds were built on, the citadel was called Acropolis, or ǹ av monis, the upper city; and the buildings in the plain naτw moris, the lower city *.

i. 28.

The citadel was, in after times, furrounded with a strong wall, of which one part was built by Cimon, and another by fome Pelafgit, who lived at the bottom of the citadel, Paufan. There was but one entrance to the citadel by stairs. The vestibules to it, called PROPYLEA, were built of white marble, and are faid to have coft 2012 talents, i. e. L. 452,700, Suidas in Προπυλο Their fplendid ornaments are described,

by Paufanias, i. 22.

In the citadel were feveral magnificent edifices, the chief of which was the temple of Minerva, called Parthenon, (quafi ædes virginum,) either because that goddefs was a virgin, or because it was dedicated by the daughters of Erectheus, who were virgins, agdevoi,) Paufan. i. 24. viii. 41. It was burnt by the Perfians, and rebuilt with the finest marble by Pericles, Ib. & Strab. ix. 395. It is ftill standing, and justly esteemed one of the nobleft remains of antiquity, about two hundred and twenty-nine feet long, one hundred and one feet broad, and fixty-nine feet high ‡.

In

When the Athenians, upon the approach of Xerxes, in confequence of an anfwer of the prieftefs of Apollo at Delphi," That they foould defend themselves by wooden walls," had, agreeably to the interpretation of Themiftocles, Nep. 2. betaken themfelves to their fhips; fome understanding the oracle literally, fortified the citadel with a ftrong wooden pallifade, and remaining there, made a vigorous refiftance against the Perfians, till, overpowered by numbers, they either threw themselves over the wall, or were flain by the enemy, Herodot. viii. 51. 54.; Paufan. i. 18.

The Pelafgi were fo named from their wandering, (dwo rus xλavns,) Strab. ix. 397.

From whatever quarter a perfon came to Athens, this fplendid edifice was to be feen. The two architects employed by Pericles in building it were,

In this temple was the celebrated coloffal statue of Minerva, made by Phidias, under the direction of Pericles, twenty-fix cubits, or thirty-nine feet high, of gold and ivory; forty ta lents of gold were used in making it, fuppofed to be worth L. 123,500 of our money; others make it more.

On the thield of Minerva, Phidias made a portrait of himfelf, Cic. Tufc. i. 15. fo artfully, that it could not be removed without destroying the whole, Id. Orat. 71.

There was in the citadel a number of statues in honour of Minerva; among the reft, one which was believed to have fallen from heaven. It was fhapelefs, and made of olive wood, Pauf. i. 26. This image was held in the greatest veneration. The different districts or boroughs (duo) of Attica had each gods peculiar to themselves, but they all concurred in worshipping Minerva, Ibid. There was an image of brass erected to Minerva after the battle of Marathon, from the fpoils of the Perfians, which was alfo the work of Phidias, lb. 28.

The Athenians erected ftatues in the citadel and other parts of the city, not only in honour of the gods, but also of their most distinguished citizens; as, Miltiades, Themiftocles, Ariftides, Cimon, Xanthippus, Pericles, Conon, Alcibiades, Thrafybulus, Timotheus, Iphicrates, Phocion, &c. which was a great

incentive to virtue.

In the veftibule of the Parthěnôn was to be feen the throne with filver feet, on which Xerxes placed himself to view the battle of Salamis, Demofth. in Timocr.

Adjoining to the Parthenon was the public treafury, called Opisthodomos, because built behind the temple. It was furrounded with a double wall; and treasurers, chofen annually by lot, depofited there the fums entrusted to them by the fenate. The chief of the Prytunes, or the prefident of the fenate, who was changed every day, had the charge of the key, Pollux. viii. 8. The treafurers, having once embezzled the public money, burnt this edifice to the ground to conceal their villainy, Demofth. in Timocrat. & Scholiaft.

The Athenians at first paid the chief attention to hufbandry, particularly to the cultivation of the olive, but afterwards allo to commerce. They therefore built a joint temple to Minerva and Neptune, with a chapel confecrated to each. On the one fide was the olive-tree, which sprang out of the earth at the

Iñlīnus and Callicrates. It had a double portico on the two fronts, and a fingle one on each side. Along the exterior face of the nave, or body of the temple, runs a frieze or architrave, in which is reprefented a preceflion, in honour of Minerva, in the most beautiful basso relievo.

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