nus, Maggiore, near which river Hannibal first defeated the Romans under Scipio; by the Addua, from the lake Larius; the Mincius, from the lake Benacus, &c. On the fouth, by the Trebia, near which Hannibal defeated the Romans a fecond time under Sempronius; by the Rhenus, Rheno, &c. In an ifland formed by the Rhenus, Antony, Lepidus, and Auguftus met after the battle of Mutina, and divided the provinces of the Roman empire.

The chief divifions of CISALPINE GAUL were,

LIGURIA:Towns, Genua, Genoa; Portus Herculis Mnaci, Monaco; Nicaa, Nice.

TAURINI-Augufta Taurinorum, Turin.

INSUBRES: Mediolanum, Milan; Ticinum, Pavia; near which Francis I. King of France was defeated and taken prifoner by the Generals of Charles V. 1525.

CENOMANNI:---Brixia, Brescia; Cremina: Bedriăcum, near which Otho was defeated by the Generals of Vitellius; Mantua, near which ftood Andes, a village, where Virgil was born.

EUGANEI-Tridentum, Trent, famous for a general council which began to be held there 1545, and lafted eighteen years; Verona, on the Athefis or Adige, birth-place of Catullus, famous for the remains of an amphitheatre.

VENĚTI :-Patavium, Padua, birth-place of Livy; Aquileia, famous for the obftinate refiftance it made to Attila, king of the Huns, who took it A. D. 452. North of this is the ri ver limavus; Forum Julii, Friuli.

HISTRIA--Tergefte, Trieste.

LINGONES, Ravenna; near which Odoacer, king of the Heruli, was defeated by Theodoric, king of the Goths, A. D. 493, and where that king kept his court, as the Emperor Valentinian had done before him. It is now a difagreeable town, surrounded with marshes, about four miles from the fea.

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BOJI :—— Bononia, Bologna; Mutina, Modena, where Decimus Brutus, being befieged by Antony, was relieved by the Confuls Hirtius and Panfa, and Octavius, afterwards called Auguftus; Parma; Placentia.

The chief parts of ITALIA PROPRIA were, Etruria, Umbria, Picenum, Latium, Campania, Samnium, Apulia, Calabria, Lucania, Bruttii; befides fome small states not included in any of thefe.

1. ETRURIA,

I. ETRURIA, bounded on the north by the river Macra, and on the fouth by the Tiber; anciently, divided into twelve parts, the rulers of which were called Lucumōnes.

At the mouth of the Macra, Luna; on the Aufer, Luca, Lucca; on the Arnus, Arno, Pifa, Pifa; Florentia, FLORENCE, the prefent capital of Tufcany; north of which, Fefula and Pifloria, Piftoja, near which Catiline was defeated; Portus Herculis Liburni, Leghorn; Volaterra, near which is a famous boiling lake; Sena, Siena, where the Italian is now fpoken in its greatest purity; Arretium, Arrezzo; north of which, Tufci, the feat of the younger Pliny, near the fource of the Tiber; Cortona; Perufia, where L. 'Antonius was ftarved out by Auguftus; near which Lacus Trafimenus, where the Romans, under Flaminius, received a third overthrow from Hannibal; Clufium, the city of Porsĕna; Rufella, on the Umbro; north-west of it, Vetulonii, near the prom. Populonium, oppofite to the island Æthalia, or Ilva, Elba, abounding in iron; Cofa, near mount Argentarius; Vulfinii, on a lake of that name; Tarquinii, whence King Tarquin; Centum Cella, Civita Vecchia; Care, the feat of Mezentius; the inhabitants, Cerites, for having hofpitably entertained the Romans and Veftal Virgins, who fled thither when Rome was taken by the Gauls, obtained the freedom of Rome, except the right of voting. Hence, In Tabulas Ceritum referre, to deprive one of that right.-Veji, the people, Vejentes, taken by Camillus after a ten-years liege; Falerii, the people, Falifci, near mount Soracte, alfo taken by Camillus; Fefcennia, whence Carmina Fefcennina, a kind of ludicrous verfes.

II. UMBRIA, bounded on the north by the Rubicon, now called Pifatello or Rugone;-Ariminum; Rimini, on the Riminus; which town Caefar firft took poffeffion of after croffing the Rubicon: Pifaurum, Pefaro, on the Pisaurus; south of which, the river Metaurus, Metro, where Hafdrubal was defeated and flain by the Confuls Livy and Nero; Urbinum, Urbino; Senegallia, built by the Galli Senones; Nuceria; Camerinum, the people, Camertes; Spoletium, Spoleto; whither water is fill conveyed from a neighbouring mountain, called St Francis, by an aqueduct of furprising height, being in one place 230 yards from the foundation of the loweft arch to the top of the aqueduct.

Hannibal first attacked Spoletium after his victory at the Thrafymene lake, and was repulfed, Liv. xxii. 9. The fact is commemorated by an infcription over one of its gates, still called from thence Porta di Fuga. INTER AMNA,

INTERAMNA, now Terni, the birth-place of Tacitus the hiftorian, and of Tacitus the emperor; ftanding in a beautiful valley between two branches of the river Nar, now Nera; whence its ancient name, (inter amnes, Varr. L. L. iv. 5.). The road from Loretto to Rome runs from Spoletto to this town over the higheft of the Appenines. Three miles from Terni, the river Velinus, Velino, rushes down a precipice 300 feet high, dashing with fuch violence against the rocky bottom, that a vaft cloud of watery smoke is raised all around. Addison is of opinion that Virgil had this gulf in his eye, when he defcribed the place in the middle of Italy, through which the Fury Alecto defcended into Tartărus, En. vii. 563.

571; although the lake of Amfanctus, whence there was fuppofed to be a paffage to the infernal regions, and where Virgil fays this happened, lay in the country of the Hirpini; Cic. divin. i. 36.; Plin. ii. 93. J. 95.

About feven miles below Terni ftood NARNIA, now Narni, alfo on the Nar, whence it took its name, having been anciently called Nequinum, Plin. iii. 14. f. 19.; Liv. x. 9. on the confines of the country of the Sabines; near which are the remains of a magnificent aqueduct and bridge over the Nar, built by Auguftus; one of the arches of which is entire, above 100 feet high, and 150 feet wide.

III. PICENUM, bounded on the north by the Afis; Afcu lum, Afcoli, the ancient capital, Flor. i. 19. on the river Truentus, now Tronto.

ANCONA, on the coaft of the Adriatic, about fifteen miles from Senegallia; now a confiderable place for trade, fince it has been encouraged by the Popes, who have built a large mole to fcreen the fhips in the harbour from the winds, which frequently blow from the oppofite fhore of the Adriatic with great violence. Near the mole ftands a noble triumphal arch erected to Trajan, in gratitude for the improvements he made in this harbour at his own expence. The fluted Corinthian pillars on the two fides of the arch are of the finest proportions, composed of Parian marble, still as white and fhining as if it were fresh polished from the rock.

At fome distance from Ancona ftands LDRETTO, on an eminence about three miles from the fea; rendered famous by modern fuperftition. The fmall houfe in Nazareth of Judea, inhabited by the Virgin Mary, is fuppofed to have been carried by angels through the air, the 10th of Auguft 1291, about a month after the taking of Ptolemais by the Infidels, firft to Dalmatia, and then over the Adriatic to Loretto; fo caled S

from

from Lauretta, a noble lady, to whom the field belonged where it was first placed; and whence, for particular reasons, it wasremoved to the eminence where it now ftands. It is called the

holy chapel, cafa fancta, standing due caft and weft, at the farther end of a large church which has been built around it, of the most durable ftone of Iftria. There is an internal covering or cafe built around it of the finest marble, and ornamented with basso relievos; about fifty feet long, thirty in breadth, and the fame in height; but the real house itself is not more than thirty-two feet in length, fourteen in breadth, and at the fides about eighteen in height; the centre of the roof is four or five feet higher. The walls of this little holy chapel appear to have been built of Italian bricks, although they are faid to be composed of a kind of flone, formerly common in Palestine, but now not to be found. Between the walls of the ancient house and the marble cafe there is à fmall interval, where the pilgrims often crawl around and fay their prayers. As the gates of the church are fhut at noon, and the pilgrims who arrive after that time cannot get nearer, they imprefs fo ardent kiffes on the gates, that all the fculpture within reach of the mouths of these zealots, is, in fome degree, effaced. But pilgrimages to Loretto are not now fo frequent with foreigners, or with Italians of diftinction, as formerly, when it is faid there have been fometimes to the number of 100,000 in one day's time; for the fame pilgrims are not allowed to remain there long. The profufion of riches in the treafury of this church, and the number of filver and golden lamps, candlesticks, goblets, crowns, crucifixes, lambs, or Agnus Dei's, &c. of pearls, gems, and precious ftones of all kinds, is incredible. The Turks have once and again attempted to plunder Loretto, but without fuccefs. It is furprifing that this has never been effected, as the place is fo near the fea, and badly fortified. South of Picenum were the VESTINI and PELIGNI. Their chief towns were, Cefnium, called alfo ITALICA, because it' was the chief city in the Italic or Marfic war, Strab. v. 241.; and Sulmo, birth-place of Ovid.

The MARSI, a warlike people, Horat. od. iii. 5. 9. their chief town MARRUBIUM, or Marruvium, Virg. Æn. vii. 750. on the eaft fide of the Lacus Fucinus, a lake of very tranfparent water, ib. 759, which Julius Cæfar attempted to drain, Suet. 44. and after him Claudius, Suet. Cl. 20.; Dio. Ix. p. 672. who for eleven years employed 30,000 men to dig a paffage through a mountain, Plin. xxxvi. 15. f. 24. fin. to carry the water into the Liris, Tacit. annal. xii. 56.; and when every

thing was ready for letting it off, exhibited a fplendid naval combat on the lake, ib. But this work did not anfwer the end intended. The lake is now called the lake of Celano, from a town near its north fhore. It is forty-feven miles in circumference; the breadth, in the largest part, ten, in the narroweft, four; its depth, twelve foot upon an average. But all thefe have varied greatly. It is furrounded with a ridge of mountains, fome of them the highest in Italy. On the weit fide of the lake was the grove of Angitia, the fifter of Circe, Virg. Æn. vii. 759. and on the north the town Alba, the inhabitants of which were called Albenfes, to diftinguith them from thofe of Alba Longa in Latium, who were called Albani, Plin. iii. 12. f. 17.

SABINI; Cures, whence the Roman citizens were called Quirites; Reate, near which Vefpafian was born; Amiternum, the birth-place of Salluft; Nomentum; Cruftumerium, the people, Cruftumini; Fidena, the people, Fidenates, 5 m. from Rome; Mons Sacer, 3 m. from Rome, on the other fide of the Anio, whither the Plebeians made a feceffion under Sicinius, and were brought back by Menenius Agrippa; at which time the Tribunes of the people were firft created, A. U. 261. On the fame fide of the Anio with Rome, ftood Antemna and Collatia, where lived Collatinus the husband of Lucretia.

Several miles up the Anio, on the other fide, north of Tibus, now Tivoli, was the VILLA of HORACE, which he calls Sbina, plur. fc. prædia, his Sabine farm, od. ii. 18. 14.; Sabina vallis, ib. iii. 1. 47.; Ager Sabinus, Sat. ii. 7. 118. Ardui Sabine, fc. agri, od. iii. 4. 21. montes et arx, from its high fituation, Sat. ii. 6. 16.; Latebra dulces, a fweet retreat, ep. i. 16. 15. and describes, ep. i. 16. 5. &c. -near to the village Mandela, ep. i. 18. 105.; and to the temple of Lacuna, Id. i. 10. 49.; Plin. iii. 12. f. 17. watered by the rivulet Digentia, ep. i. 18. 104. probably issuing from the fountain of Blandufia, (fons Blandufius,) od. iii. 13. which was alfo the name of the farm, Vet. Scholiaft. a copious fpring, remarkable for its tramparency and coldnefs, ib. and ep. i. 16. 12. near which flood the house, Sat. ii. 6. 2. in a valley between mount Lucretilis and Uffica, a little hill, gently rifing and floping like a perfon in a reclining pofture, (cubans,) od. i. 17. i. and 11. et ibi Scheliaft. In this retired and winding vale (in reducta valle), were pleafant walks finely fhaded with trees, ib. and Sat. ii. 6. 3. probably part of what is called the Sabine wood, od. i. 22. 9. where, while the poet one day ftrolled farther than he intend