CRITICAL AND HISTORICAL ESSAYS

CONTRIBUTED TO

THE EDINBURGH REVIEW.

intrinsically such that they would be- a turbulent people, without being guilty come the editor of a third-rate party of any disgraceful subserviency to newspaper better than a gentleman of either, seems to be very high praise; Mr. Courtenay's talents and knowledge. and all this may with truth be said of For example, we are told that," it is a Temple. remarkable circumstance, familiar to those who are acquainted with history, but suppressed by the new Whigs, that the liberal politicians of the seventeenth century and the greater part of the eighteenth, never extended their liberality to the native Irish, or the professors of the ancient religion." What schoolboy of fourteen is ignorant of this remarkable circumstance? What Whig, new or old, was ever such an idiot as to think that it could be suppressed? Really we might as well say that it is a remarkable circumstance, familiar to people well read in history, but carefully suppressed by the Clergy of the Established Church, that in the fifteenth century England was in communion with Rome. We are tempted to make some remarks on another passage, which seems to be the peroration of a speech intended to have been spoken against the Reform Bill: but we forbear.

We doubt whether it will be found that the memory of Sir William Temple owes much to Mr. Courtenay's researches. Temple is one of those men whom the world has agreed to praise highly without knowing much about them, and who are therefore more likely to lose than to gain by a close examination. Yet he is not without fair pretensions to the most honourable place among the statesmen of his time. A few of them equalled or surpassed him in talents; but they were men of no good repute for honesty. A few may be named whose patriotism was purer, nobler, and more disinterested than his; but they were men of no eminent ability. Morally, he was above Shaftesbury; intellectually, he was above Russell.

To say of a man that he occupied a high position in times of misgovernment, of corruption, of civil and religious faction, that nevertheless he contracted no great stain and bore no part in any great crime, that he won the esteem of a profligate Court and of

Yet Temple is not a man to our taste. A temper not naturally good, but under strict command; a constant regard to decorum; a rare caution in playing that mixed game of skill and hazard, human life; a disposition to be content with small and certain winnings rather than to go on doubling the stake; these seem to us to be the most remarkable features of his character. This sort of moderation, when united, as in him it was, with very considerable abilities, is, under ordinary circumstances, scarcely to be distinguished from the highest and purest integrity, and yet may be perfectly compatible with laxity of principle, with coldness of heart, and with the most intense selfishness. Temple, we fear, had not sufficient warmth and elevation of sentiment to deserve the name of a virtuous man. He did not betray or oppress his country: nay, he rendered considerable services to her; but he risked nothing for her. No temptation which either the King or the Opposition could hold out ever induced him to come forward as the supporter either of arbitrary or of factious measures. But he was most careful not to give offence by strenuously opposing such measures. He never put himself prominently before the public eye, except at conjunctures when he was almost certain to gain, and could not possibly lose, at conjunctures when the interest of the State, the views of the Court, and the passions of the multitude, all appeared for an instant to coincide. By judiciously availing himself of several of these rare moments, he succeeded in establishing a high character for wisdom and patriotism. When the favourable crisis was passed, he never risked the reputation which he had won. He avoided the great offices of State with a caution almost pusillanimous, and confined himself to quiet and secluded departments of public business, in which he could enjoy moderate but certain advantages without incurring envy. If the circumstances

would not have been boiled with Dundee in the crimson pool of Bulicame, or hurled with Danby into the seething pitch of Malebolge, or congealed with Churchill in the eternal ice of Giudecca; but he would perhaps have been placed in the dark vestibule next to the shade of that inglorious pontiff—

of the country became such that it was | Pole or to the source of the Nile. This impossible to take any part in politics kind of valetudinarian effeminacy, this without some danger, he retired to his habit of coddling himself, appears in library and his orchard, and, while the all parts of his conduct. He loved nation groaned under oppression, or re- fame, but not with the love of an exsounded with tumult and with the din alted and generous mind. He loved it of civil arms, amused himself by writing as an end, not at all as a means; as a memoirs and tying up apricots. His personal luxury, not at all as an instrupolitical career bore some resemblance ment of advantage to others. He to the military career of Lewis the scraped it together and treasured it up Fourteenth. Lewis, lest his royal dig- with a timid and niggardly thrift; and nity should be compromised by failure, never employed the hoard in any enternever repaired to a siege, till it had prise, however virtuous and useful, in been reported to him by the most skil- which there was hazard of losing one ful officers in his service, that nothing particle. No wonder if such a person could prevent the fall of the place. did little or nothing which deserves When this was ascertained, the monarch, positive blame. But much more than in his helmet and cuirass, appeared this may justly be demanded of a man among the tents, held councils of war, possessed of such abilities, and placed dictated the capitulation, received the in such a situation. Had Temple been keys, and then returned to Versailles brought before Dante's infernal tributo hear his flatterers repeat that Tu-nal, he would not have been condemned renne had been beaten at Mariendal, to the deeper recesses of the abyss. He that Condé had been forced to raise the siege of Arras, and that the only warrior whose glory had never been obscured by a single check was Lewis the Great. Yet Condé and Turenne will always be considered as captains of a very different order from the invincible Lewis ; and we must own that many statesmen who have committed great faults, appear to us to be deserving of more esteem than the faultless Temple. For in truth his faultlessness is chiefly to be ascribed to his extreme dread of all responsibility, to his determination rather to leave his country in a scrape than to run any chance of being in a scrape himself. He seems to have been averse from danger; and it must be admitted that the dangers to which a public man was exposed, in those days of conflicting tyranny and sedition, were of the most serious kind. He could not bear discomfort, bodily or mental. His lamentations, when in the course of his diplomatic journeys, he was put a little out of his way, and forced, in the vulgar phrase, to rough it, are quite amusing. He talks of riding a day or two on a bad Westphalian road, of sleeping on straw for one night, of travelling in winter when the snow lay on the ground, as if he had gone on an expedition to the North

"Che fece per viltate il gran rifiuto." Of course a man is not bound to be a politician any more than he is bound to be a soldier; and there are perfectly honourable ways of quitting both politics and the military profession. But neither in the one way of life, nor in the other, is any man entitled to take all the sweet and leave all the sour. A man who belongs to the army only in time of peace, who appears at reviews in Hyde Park, escorts the Sovereign with the utmost valour and fidelity to and from the House of Lords, and retires as soon as he thinks it likely that he may be ordered on an expedition, is justly thought to have disgraced himself. Some portion of the censure due to such a holiday-soldier may justly fall on the mere holiday-politician, who flinches from his duties as soon as those duties become difficult and disagreeable, that is to say, as soon as it becomes peculiarly important that he should reso|lutely perform them.

But though we are far indeed from | admiration, fixedness of purpose, intenconsidering Temple as a perfect states- sity of will, enthusiasm, which is not man, though we place him below many the less fierce or persevering because it statesmen who have committed very is sometimes disguised under the semgreat errors, we cannot deny that, when blance of composure, and which bears compared with his contemporaries, he down before it the force of circummakes a highly respectable appearance. stances and the opposition of reluctant The reaction which followed the vic- minds. These qualities, variously comtory of the popular party over Charles bined with all sorts of virtues and vices, the First, had produced a hurtful effect may be found, we think, in most of the on the national character; and this authors of great civil and religious effect was most discernible in the classes movements, in Cæsar, in Mahomet, in and in the places which had been most Hildebrand, in Dominic, in Luther, in strongly excited by the recent revolu- Robespierre; and these qualities were tion. The deterioration was greater in found, in no scanty measure, among the London than in the country, and was chiefs of the party which opposed greatest of all in the courtly and official Charles the First. The character of circles. Almost all that remained of the men whose minds are formed in the what had been good and noble in the midst of the confusion which follows a Cavaliers and Roundheads of 1642, great revolution is generally very difwas now to be found in the middling ferent. Heat, the natural philosophers orders. The principles and feelings tell us, produces rarefaction of the air; which prompted the Grand Remon- and rarefaction of the air produces strance were still strong among the cold. So zeal makes revolutions; and sturdy yeomen, and the decent God-revolutions make men zealous for nofearing merchants. The spirit of Derby thing. The politicians of whom we and Capel still glowed in many se- speak, whatever may be their natural questered manor-houses; but among capacity or courage, are almost always those political leaders who, at the time characterised by a peculiar levity, a of the Restoration, were still young or peculiar inconstancy, an easy, apathetic in the vigour of manhood, there was way of looking at the most solemn neither a Southampton nor a Vane, questions, a willingness to leave the neither a Falkland nor a Hampden. direction of their course to fortune and The pure, fervent, and constant loyalty popular opinion, a notion that one pubwhich, in the preceding reign, had re-lic cause is nearly as good as another, mained unshaken on fields of disastrous and a firm conviction that it is much battle, in foreign garrets and cellars, and at the bar of the High Court of Justice, was scarcely to be found among This was most strikingly the case the rising courtiers. As little, or still with the English statesmen of the less, could the new chiefs of parties lay generation which followed the Restoraclaim to the great qualities of the states-tion. They had neither the enthusiasm men who had stood at the head of the of the Cavalier nor the enthusiasm of Long Parliament. Hampden, Pym, the Republican. They had been early Vane, Cromwell, are discriminated from emancipated from the dominion of old the ablest politicians of the succeeding usages and feelings; yet they had not generation, by all the strong lineaments acquired a strong passion for innovawhich distinguish the men who produce tion. Accustomed to see old estarevolutions from the men whom revo- blishments shaking, falling, lying in lutions produce. The leader in a great ruins all around them, accustomed to change, the man who stirs up a re- live under a succession of constitutions posing community, and overthrows a of which the average duration was deeply-rooted system, may be a very about a twelvemonth, they had no relidepraved man; but he can scarcely be gious reverence for prescription, nodestitute of some moral qualities which thing of that frame of mind which natuextort even from enemies a reluctant | rally springs from the habitual contem

better to be the hireling of the worst cause than to be a martyr to the best.