The Anglo Saxon is the basis of the English language. It contains, however, a great number of words from other languages.

Prefixes and suffixes are used to vary the sense of the root. In a few cases, however, they do not affect the meaning.

PREFIXES.

31. A Prefix is a part of a derivative before the root. The root is the Essential or Radical part of a word.

A prefix often loses a letter, or changes it, for the sake of euphony; as, anti, ant-acid, ant-arctic; para, par‐ody, par-otid; con, co-exist; ad, an-nex, af-fix; sub, suffix. Euphony is an agreeable harmonious sound. Two prefixes are often added to the same root; as, re-in-spect; un-predicted.

32. The principal prefixes which suffer a change of form, are ad, which becomes (a, ac, af, ag, al, an, ap, ar, as, at;) con, (co, cog, col, com, cor;) dis, (di, dif;) ex, (e, ef, ec;) in, (ig, il, im, ir;) ob, (oc, of, op;) sub, (suc, suf, sug, sup, sus;) super (sur;) syn, (sy, syl, sym.)

EXERCISES.

33. Form derivatives by prefixing ANTI to arctic, thus: ant-arctic; and AD to here, spire, credit, fix, firm, grieve, gress, lay, nex, point, rear, sail, sign, test: con to nect, cur, tact, equal, nate, nomen, late, pel, press, rode: DIS to arm, order, tort, sect, verge, lute, fuse, fer: Ex to act, port, tract, duce, ject, lect, mit, centric, logue, face, flux: IN to clude, cur, spire, voke, noble, legal, legible, merse, port, moral, prudent, ruption, regular, resolute: Oв to ject, trude, cur, casion, fend, press, pose: SUB to scribe, tract, ceed, cor, fuse, gest, plant, port, press, pend, pect: SUPER to add, fine, scribe, mount, face: SYN to od, tax, tem, lable, logistic, metry, pathetic.

NOTE.-The pupil should write out these exercises on a slate or black

board.

34. Prefixes are mostly of Saxon, Latin, and Greek origin. The following lists contain those which are the most

common.

What is the basis of the English language? What does it contain? For what are prefixes and suffixes used? Do they always affect the meaning? What is a prefix? What is the root? What does a prefix often lose? What is euphony? What are often added to the same root? Of what origin are prefixes?

I. PREFIXES OF SAXON ORIGIN.

35. Prefix. Signification.

A, on, in, to, or at.

Be, near, about, by, at, on; or to make.

En, in, into, on; or to make.

Em, to make or to give.

Fore, before.

Im, to make.

Mis, ill, error, wrong.

Out, beyond, more than.

Prefix. Signification.

Over, over or above, too high or too great.

Un (to verbs), to take off, to deprive of.

Un (to adjectives), not.

Under, beneath, inferior, less than.
Up, above, subversion, up.

With, from or against.-13.

EXERCISES.

36. NOTE.-The prefix and its part of the definition are in italics.

Afoot, on foot.

Abed, in bed.

Astern, to the stern.

Aside, at the side.

Beside, near or at the side.
Begird, to gird about.
Because, on this account.

Before, by or near the fore part.
Benumb, to make numb.
Enchain, to put in chains.
Encamp, to form into a camp.
Enthrone, to put on a throne.
Enabie, to make able.
Embellish, to make beautiful
Empower, to give power to.
Foretell, to tell beforehand.
Imbitter, to make bitter.

Misconduct, ill or bad conduct.
Misguide, to guide wrong.

Outlive, to live beyond.

Outbid, to bid more than another.

Overrun, to run over or above.

Overload, to load on too much.
Overvalue, to value too high.
Unbar, to take off the bar.
Uncrown, to deprive of a crown.
Unable, not able.

Underofficer, an officer beneath or
inferior to another.

Underbid to bid less than another
Uplift, to lift up or above.
Withdraw, to draw from.
Withstand, to stand against.

Analyze thus: afoot, from foot, and a, on; afoot, on foot.

En? Em? Fore? Im? Mis! Out?
Under? Up? With? Repeat the ex-

What dees A as a prefix signify? Be? Over? Un (to verbs)? Un (to adjectives)? ercises; and review them often. Give the signification of each of the Latin prefixes.

* Prefixes marked with an asterisk, have other forms. (33)

III.-PREFIXES OF GREEK ORIGIN.

Apo, aph, from or away.
Ana, through, up, back, again.
Cata, cat, down, from side to side.
Dia, di, through, asunder.
En, em, in or on.
Epi, upon or after.

Hyper, over, beyond.
Hypo, under.

Meta, meth, beyond, according to.
Para, par, beside, like, against.
Peri, round, about.

Syn, sy, syl, sym, together, with.

EXERCISES.

Epidemic, upon the people.
Hyperborean, beyond the north.
Hypercritical, over critical.
Hypothesis, what is placed under;
supposition.

Metacarpus, beyond the wrist.
Method, according to a way or plan.
Parallel, beside each other.
Parody, a poem like another.
Paradox, against opinion.
Pericranium, about the skull.
Perimeter, the measure round (a
figure.)

Syntax, a putting together.
System, a standing together.
Syllable, a taking together.
Sympathy, a feeling with.
Synthesis, a placing together.

SUFFIXES.

41. A suffix is the part of a derivative after the root. In adding suffixes, the final letter of the root is often doubled, dropped, or changed. This renders a knowledge of the following rules for spelling important.

Spelling is the act of expressing words by their proper letters.

I.-DOUBLING.

42. RULE I. F, l, or s, ending a monosyllable after a single vowel, is doubled; as, staff, mill, glass. Except of, if, as, is, has, was, his, gas, yes, us, this, thus, pus. Other consonants are not doubled; as, pin, not, up.

What is a suffix? How is the final letter affected in adding suffixes? What is spelling? What is the rule for f, l, or 8, final? What exceptions? Are other consonants doubled!

Except add, bunn, butt, buzz, ebb, egg, err, inn odd, purr.

RULE II. A final consonant after a single vowel, in a final accented or monosyllable, is doubled before a suffix beginning with a vowel; as, omit, omitted; spot, spotted; dot, dotted. Hence, traveler, canceling, reveling, &c., &c., do not double the final consonant. Xis never doubled; as, fox, foxes.

II.-DROPPING.

43. RULE III. Final e is dropped before a suffix beginning with a vowel; as pole, pol-ar; sphere, spheroid; seize, seized, seiz-ing, seiz-ure; live, liv-ed. In awe, awful; true, truth, truly; due, du-ty, du-ly; the e is dropped before a consonant.

NOTE 1.-Ce and ge retain the e before a or o, that c and g may remain soft; as peace, peace-able; courage, courage-ous. E after g is dropped in abridgment, acknowledgment, judgment, and lodgment.

NOTE 2.-E, after e or o, is retained before ing and able; as, see, seeing; fee, fee-ing; shoe, shoe-ing; agree, agree-able.

RULE IV. Le before ly, and t or te before ce or cy, are dropped; as, able, ab-ly; noble, nob-ly; penitent, penitence, penitency; prelate, prelacy.

RULE V. Ll, before less and ly, or unaccented in compounds, drops one l; as, skill, skil-less; full, ful-ly, care-ful; all, al-ready; ful-fill'; will-ful. If accented, the 7 is retained; as, ful-fill', recall, foretell'. But, wel'come, wel'fare, al'so, al'ways, until', withal', therewithal', wherewithal', have one 7.

RULE VI. Final y after t is usually dropped before a or o; as, purity, puritan; debility, debilitate; felicity, felicitous.

Exceptions? Why is the t doubled in omitted and spotted? Why is the not doubled in traveler? What is the rule for final e? ever dropped after g? Note for e after e or o? lof (double) I dropped? What if accented? acconted? When is final y dropped?

For ce and ge before a or o? Is the 6
Rule for le and t or te? When is one
What eight words drop one 7, though