66

230. GENERAL RULES.-EXAMPLES.

1. The sight, hearing, feeling, taste, and smell, are the five senses." "The same is my brother, and sister, and mother." "David was a wise, brave, and prudent king." 'Holy, holy, holy, Lord God Almighty, which was, and is, and is to come." 66 Industry, good sense, and virtue, are, as a general thing, essential to health, wealth, and happiness." "Their own cares, their own labors, their own counsels, their own blood, contrived all, achieved all, bore all, sealed all.” "Truth is fair and artless, simple and sincere, uniform and consistent." "O, no, sir, I did not, indeed, really intend it, in this instance." "Madam,' said I, emphatically, 'you are in an error.' "Others said, 'An angel spake to him.'"

11

"For value received, I promise to pay J. Dow, or order, on demand, five hundred dollars, with interest." "Strong in weakness, there they stand." "Some of the Pharisees, who were with him, heard these words, and said unto him, 'Are we blind also ?'"

"As you are, so is he."

shame."

"When pride cometh, then cometh "When shame is lost, all virtue is lost." "Were he to go, you might go." "If he has seen the work, if he has read it, if he has understood it, then let him pass judgment upon it."

2.

"Unto you, O men, I call; and my voice is to the sons

of men."

sin."

"Hatred stirreth up strife; but love covereth all

"True eloquence must exist in the man; in the subject; and* in the occasion." "The sun is the source of light; the fixed stars are other suns; the planets are other worlds; the creation is a scene of wonders; and space has no limits." "A noun is a name; as, John, book."

"He gave "Words are

3. "One fault he has: I know but only one." us this maxim: 'Labor conquers all things.' leaves deeds are fruits: speech is the gift of all: but few." "In Num. 14: 33, it is predicted." and verse, thus quoted, are separated by (:).

66

thought of

(The chap.

4. To carry on with effect an expensive war, and yet be frugal of the public money; to oblige those to serve, whom it may be delicate to offend; to conduct, at the same time, a complicated variety of operations; to concert measures at home, answerable to the state of things abroad; and to govern every valuable end, in spite of opposition from the envious

If the connective is inserted before the last part of a series, it is sufficient for the rule.

and disaffected; this is more difficult than is generally thought."

5. "In the book of Judges, we see the strength and weakness of Samson: in that of Ruth, the plain-dealing and equity of Boaz: in those of Kings, the holiness of Samuel, of Elijah, and the other prophets; the reprobation of Saul; the fall and repentance of David, his mildness and patience; the wisdom of Solomon; the purity of Hezekiah and Josiah in Esdras, the zeal of the law of God: in Tobit, the conduct of a holy family in Judith, the power of grace: in Esther, prudence: in Job, a pattern of admirable patience."

REM. In this sentence, the sub-parts are constructed precisely like the principal parts; and to prevent their being confounded, they are pointed with the semicolon; and the sub-part respecting David, having subparts of the same construction, is, therefore, pointed with the comma.

6. "Time flies." "Rejoice evermore." "I heard their drowning cry, mingling with the wind." "Cain slew his brother Abel."-Also after abbreviations; as, "A. C." "A. D." "Atty." "Viz." "H. B. M." "A. U. C."

"You

"Is he the God of the Jews only?" "Is he not also of the Gentiles?" "Who can forgive sins but God only?" live here, sir?"

"Huzza! huzza! Long live lord Robin!" "Mercy, sir, how the people will talk of it!"

231. SPECIAL RULES.-EXAMPLES.

I.-1. "Obey your parents."

"Attention is the chief part

of politeness."

2. "Sensitiveness to the approbation of virtuous men, is laudable."

66

66

The

3. "Sir, was it he?" “I am, sir, your friend.” "Yes, I am, sir." "Perhaps, he will go." "He, too, was there." 'Was he at home, then ?" Paul, the apostle, suffered martyrdom." "The fathers, where are they?" "They said, 'the fault is his."" "Heaven,' I said, 'is merciful.'" Ides of March are come,' said Cæsar." "The fault is,' in this respect, his own."" "Risk not, for a moment, in visionary theories, the solid blessings of your lot." "Jesus, master, have mercy on us!"

66

4. On this part of the subject, I need not enlarge." "Of all this, I was ignorant." "In this case, it will vanish by degrees." "Never did a couple set forward in life, with a

fairer prospect of felicity." "The widow of the Pine Cottage sat by the blazing faggots, with her five tattered children at her side."

II. “How, when, or where was it?" "God made man erect, rational, free, immortal." "The man of fortune, or of fame, is not secure in his possession." "I was about to answer, when a gentle breeze agitated the leaves, and strewed the blossoms around us, as the autumnal blast scatters the with ered foliage." "Custom is the plague of wise men, and the

idol of fools."

66

1. The boy who studies will improve."

"This is the tree which produces no fruit." "He that is not with me, is against

me.

2. 66 Susan and Mary can read and write." III. "As you are, so is he." "If he is willing, I will go." "Were he willing, I would go." "Despise not thy parents, for they are the guardians of thy youth." "Despise not thy parents, but keep their words."

66

2. "It is sown in weakness; it is raised in power." Think not that I am come to send peace on the earth, I am not come to send peace, but a sword."

2. "Despise not thy parents, for they are the guardians of thy youth; but keep their words, and lay up their commandments with thee; for such is the instruction of divine truth."

66

IV. “The Lord is my defence; and my God is the rock of my refuge." "The Lord is my defence: my God is the rock of my refuge." "It was the third hour; and they crucified him." I speak as to wise men: judge ye what I say." "He sent from above: he took me: he drew me out of many waters: he delivered me from my strong enemy. "Wise men lay up knowledge; but the mouth of the foolish is near destruction." "He aspires to be the highest above the people: above the authorities: above his country."

NOTE.-Let the pupil tell the kind of sentence, and give both the gen cral and the special rule for its punctuation.

OTHER CHARACTERS USED IN WRITING.

232-1. The Parenthesis () includes some remark, or explanation, inserted in a sentence; as, "Our opportunities are, (like our souls,) very precious." In reading, the parenthetic part is distinguished by a lower and altered tone of voice. The point after the parenthetic part, which

What does the parenthesis include ? How is it distinguished in reading?

may vary, is included. Commas are now generally used instead of the parenthesis; as, "Your industry, I suppose, you still retained."

2. The Brackets [] include some correction, explanation, or a part supplied in a quotation; as, "They said, 'He [the general] would return.'

3. The Apostrophe (') marks the possessive case, or the elision of some ietter or letters of a word; as, "John's slate ;"-'Tis for it is;-O'er for

over.

4. The Hyphen (-) unites the parts of compound words, (not permanent;) as, house-lot. At the end of a line, it shows that one or more syllables of an unfinished word, are at the beginning of the next line. 5. The Quotation marks ("") distinguish a passage quoted from another author; or which is regarded as quoted.

6. The Section (§) marks the smaller divisions of a discourse or chapter.

7. The Paragraph (¶) was formerly used to denote the beginning of a new paragraph. It is now denoted by beginning the first line after the break a little forward.

8. The Brace (

with a common term.

) unites a triplet; or it connects several words

9. The Ellipsis (—) or (****) denotes the omission of some letters or words; as, K-g for king: J. P. S**** for J. P. Smith.

10. The Caret (▲) shows where to insert what is omitted or inter

11. The Index () points out something requiring attention.

12. References to foot-notes are made by—The Asterisk (*); Obelisk or Dagger (†); Double Dagger (†); Parallels (1); (§); (T); Small Letters, and Figures.

13. The Vowel Points are-The Diaresis (") over the latter of two vowels, showing that they do not form a diphthong; the Macron (−), denoting a long sound; the Breve (~), denoting a short sound; the Acute accent ('); and the Grave accent (`).

EXERCISE.

Write examples illustrating each general rule of punctuation. Write examples illustrating each special rule of punctuation. Write examples illustrating the other marks used in writing.

Describe the brackets. Apostrophe. Hyphen. At the end of a line, what does it show? Quotation marks. Section. Paragraph. How is it now denoted? Brace. Ellipsis. Care. Index. How are references to foot-notes made? What vowel points are used?

ELOCUTION.

233.-1. Elocution is the correct vocal delivery of words. It comprises the principles of reading and oratory.

Reading is merely talking what is written.

Oratory is the art of speaking with force and eloquence. Reading requires correct pronunciation and modulation.

PRONUNCIATION.

2. Pronunciation comprehends articulation and accent. Articulation is forming words correctly by the human

voice.

NOTE-A System of vocal exercises on articulation is given under the head of orthography. (18-21.) For accents, see (29).

MODULATION.

3. Modulation is any variation of the voice in vocal delivery. It comprises key, evolutions, force, and rate. 4. Key, or Pitch, is the predominating tone of the voice in reading or speaking.

5. Evolutions are the movements of the voice in the delivery of a sentence. There are four: the sweeps, the bend, the

slides, and the closes.

6. Accentual sweeps are slight undulatory movements of the voice.

7. Emphatic sweeps are waves of the voice caused by emphasis. The part of the wave before the accent is called the upper sweep; the part after it, the lower sweep.

8. The circumflex is emphasis confined to a single word. 9. The bend is a slight turn of the voice upward.

10. The upward slide is a gradual ascent of the voice to the end of the sentence.

What is elocution? What does it comprise? What is reading? Oratory? What does reading require? What does pronunciation comprehend? What is articulation? Modulation? What does it comprise? What is key? Evolutions? How many are there? What are accentual sweeps? Emphatic sweeps? What is the upper sweep? The lower sweep? The circumflex? The bend? The upward slide ?