close or compact: in form, they are simple, complex, or composite.

Loose sentences are of two kinds: perfect and imperfect.

1. A perfect loose sentence is one that has all its parts complete; as, "It was the third hour; and they crucified him."-" Neither do men light a candle, and put it under a bushel, but on a candlestick; and it giv eth light to all that are in the house."-" As Cæsar loved me, I weep for him as he was fortunate, I rejoice at it: as he was valiant, I honor him; but as he was ambitious, I slew him." (See Rules of Punctu ation.)

NOTE.—The first sentence is a perfect loose composite, in two parts; each of which is close and simple. The second is a perfect loose composite, in two parts; each of which is close: the first is a simple with composite predicate: the second is complex. The third sentence is a perfect loose composite, in four parts; each of which is a single compact of the second form: the correlatives as--so; so understood; each member is complex. In the third sentence, at the colon, and is understood.

2. An imperfect loose sentence is one that has the first part complete, and the others elliptical; a portion of the first part being common to all; as, "True eloquence must exist in the man; in the subject; and in the occasion."-" He aspired to be the highest: above the people: above the authorities: above the laws: above his country.". "The grave buries every error: covers every defect: extinguishes every resentment."

NOTE.-The portion, in italics, of the first part in each sentence, is common to each member. Let the pupil supply this portion, so as to make them perfect loose.

EXAMPLES FOR ANALYZING AND PARSING.

Thy fierce wrath goeth over me: thy terrors have cut me off. I have found David my servant: with my holy oil have

Loose sentences are of how many kinds? What is a perfect loose sentence? What an imperfect?

I anointed him. Thy throne is established of old: thou art from everlasting. The Lord is my defence; and my God is the rock of my refuge. He spread a cloud for a covering; and fire to give light in the night. Many times did he deliver them; but they provoked him by their counsel; and (they) were brought low for their iniquity. Mr. Adams was finally censured by the House; but it availed nothing. Mr Giddings, of Ohio, was expelled; but his constituents sent him back. The laws were relaxed; and the ministers of justice lingered in their course; and the public press was awed into silence. He shall cut off the spirit of princes: he is terrible to the kings of the earth.

RULES OF SYNTAX,

WITH EXAMPLES, REMARKS, NOTES, AND FALSE SYNTAX.

RULE I.-NOMINATIVES.

187. The subject of a finite verb is put in the nominative case.

Examples: Time flies."-" Winds blow.”—“ I am.""Thou art."-" He is."-" We are."-" You are."-" They are."

REMARKS.

1. A letter, syllable, word, phrase, or clause, may be the subject; as, "A is a vowel."-" Un is a prefix."-" Stealing, to steal, for one to steal, or that one should steal, is base."

2. A finite verb is one limited by person and number. The infinitivo and participle are not so limited.

3. The subject of the imperative mode is usually omitted; as, Tarry a while."-" Go in peace."

4. A noun and its pronoun cannot be nominative to the same verb; as, "The king is just;" not, "The king he is just." A word in apposition,

What is the rule for nominatives? What may be the subject? What is a finite verb? What modes are not so limited? With what mode is the subject usually omitted? What cannot be nominative to the same verb?

though in the same case as the word limited, is not the subject of the verb; as, "Paul himself was there."

Correct, analyze, and parse the following exercises in

FALSE SYNTAX.

Them are delightful. Thee must have been industrious. Him that is industrious, will be rich. Him and me were there. You and me saw them. Them that seek wisdom, will find it. Are not him and her cousins? Thee is older than Whom did he say has arrived? I am as old as him or her. Who saw the affray?-Us. Who can assist them?Him and me.

us.

REM. 4. The queen she is a noble lady. Virtue, however much it is neglected, we must respect genuine merit.

EXERCISE.

Write examples illustrating the rule and remarks.

RULE II.-APPOSITION.

188. A noun or pronoun limiting another, in apposition, is put in the same case.

EXAMPLES:- 66 John, the Baptist, was beheaded."—" I John saw the holy city."-" We men are mortal." "Ye men of Athens."- "The city Rome."- "It was said to us men.""The river Hudson."—" Ye woods and wilds." "Jane and Mary, our cousins." "They admired Cicero, the orator.”66 Thou, even thou, art to be feared."

REMARKS.

1. Apposition means adding to, and denotes that another name or appellation of the same object is added. The word, in apposition, is always assumed.

2. The added term is usually placed after, but sometimes precedes the principal term; as, "Child of the sun, refulgent Summer, comes."-Thom

son.

3. Two or more proper names of the same object, in apposition, form a complex noun, parsed as one word; as, “Mark Antony mourned the death of Julius Cæsar."- "Gen. W. H. Harrison died at Washington."

What is Rule 2d? What does apposition mean? What does it denote? How is the Hmiting word added? Where is the added term usually placed? How are proper names, in apposition, parsed?

4. A noun is sometimes in apposition with a sentence; and a sentence or infinitive with the noun; as, "He was summoned to appear in court; a thing he did not expect."—"The pledge, to go, or that he would go, was fulfilled."

5. A plural substantive may be in apposition with a series, as, “Love, friendship, honor,—all were his."

6. Distributives are sometimes in apposition with a plural substantive; as, "They fled; some one way, and some another.".“Go ye, every man, to his city." Also the first of words denoting reciprocation; as, “They love one another;" i. e., one loves another. They confide in each other;" i. e., each in the other." They study each other's books;" i. e., each the other's books. The first word of each reciprocation is in apposition with the pronoun they preceding it; the case of the second cannot be misunderstood.

7. And, as, and or, sometimes unite words in apposition; as "That great statesman and patriot is no more.”- -" Clay, as an orator, was unrivaled."—"We sailed near a bay, or gulf."

Correct, analyze, and parse the following exercises in

FALSE SYNTAX.

The man has

It was Virgil, him who wrote the Æneid. arrived, him whom you saw. I saw your cousin, he that lives in Boston. It was bought of Mr. Brown, he that keeps the bookstore. We have visited our friends, they that live in the city. Mary, Queen of Scots, her that was beheaved, was pious. I speak of Cromwell, he who beheaded Charles.

EXERCISE.

Write examples illustrating the rule and remarks.

RULE III.-POSSESSIVES.

189. A noun or pronoun limiting a noun, not in apposition, is put in the possessive case.

"On eagles'

EXAMPLES: "John's hat." "My book." wings.""I am in favor of his writing often."-" An apology is due for his not having explained the work more fully.""Your son's house."—" Be thine (i. e. thy walk) the Christian's walk."

In what case is the first of two words denoting reciprocation? By what are words in apposition sometimes united? What is the rule for possessives?

REMARKS.

1. The possessive sign ('s) is a contraction of is or es, and not a corruption of his; as, "John's book." Hence, "Johnis book, Johnes book, or John his book," would be incorrect.

2. The governing noun is often omitted; as, "He is at my brother's" (house.)—"The hat is John's, not yours." Observe that the possessive pronoun has two forms; one being used when the governing noun is expressed, the other when it is omitted; as, "This is her pen; or the pen is hers." Compare with the preceding,-"This is Mary's pen; or the pen is Mary's."-"It is Walter's, not yours."-" Jane's book is like your book."

3. A complex noun has the sign annexed to the last only; as, "Henry Clay's speech."-" George the Third's reign."

4. Words in apposition usually have the sign annexed to the last; as, "John, the Baptist's head."-"For David, my servant's sake.”—“I called at Mr. Brown, the jeweller's." And especially, if the governing noun is expressed; as, "I called at Smith, the saddler's shop." If omitted, it may be thus: "I called at Smith's, the saddler."

5. If the circumstance is compound, or somewhat complex, the sign is annexed to the first noun; as, "The orations are Cicero's, the great orator, philosopher, and statesman of Rome."—"I purchased the books at East's, the bookseller in Federal street."

6. Nouns denoting a possessive relation to the same object, have the sign annexed to the last only; as, “Mason and Dixon's line.”"Day, Snow, and White's store."

7. Nouns denoting a possessive relation to different objects, have the sign annexed to each; as, “Adams' and Jackson's administration;" i. e., "Adams' administration, and Jackson's administration."

8. The use of Of, for the possessive, often renders the sense more definite or agreeable; as, "The heat of the fire."-"In the name of the army."—"The sickness of the king's son ;" not "The king's son's sickness."

Correct, analyze, and parse the following exercises in

FALSE SYNTAX.

This was your fathers estate. One mans loss is often another mans gain. Thou wilt spare the city for ten sake. Eat not for conscience sake. Whose dictionary is the bestWebster, Worcester, or Bolles? These books are their's: those are your's. Others good may be our's. The tree is known by it's fruit.

How are the two forms of the possessive pronoun used? To what do complex nouns and words in apposition have the possessive sign annexed? When the circumstance is compound, or complex? When the nouns denote a common relation? A different re lation? What is said of of for the possessive?