II. By phrases; as, "John wishes to learn."—" He goes to school." III. By clauses; as, "I know who did it."—"I know that he did it." REMARKS. 1. The subject of clauses belongs to complex sentences. (166.) 2. Infinitives and participles may be limited like finite verbs. 3. A noun or pronoun in the predicate, or in the objective case, may be limited like the subject. EXERCISE. Write examples illustrating the forms of the complex predicate. Write examples illustrating the principle stated in Rem. 3. MODEL OF ANALYZING. Grass is green— is a simple declarative sentence. It is a sentence, because it is a collection of words embodying a complete thought; simple, because it contains a single proposition; declarative, because it expresses a declaration. The subject is grass. The simple predicate is is.* The compound predicate is is green, consisting of the simple predicate and the attributive adjective green relating to the subject, by which it is limited. (Parse each word.) He is called the great Milton- is a simple declarative sentence. It is a sentence, etc. The subject is he. The simple predicate is is called; called is the principal verb, is is an auxiliary. The complex predicate is is called the great Milton, consisting of the simple predicate and the noun Milton in the same case as the subject, by which it is limited, and which is itself limited by the definitive adjective the and the attributive adjective great. (Parse.) How are infinitives and participles limited? What is said of a noun or pronoun in the predicate, and in the objective case? * In the opinion of Wells, G. Brown, Noble Butler, and many others, this method of analysis is correct. Mr. Wells thinks a different method "would destroy at once all distinction between the grammatical and the logical predicate." It has been adopted in this grammar. because it is more simple; but, in the opinion of the author, it is not quite philosophical; and with him, probably, coincide a majority of grammarians. 18 green," is the predicate; of which is is the copula (197.-1.), and green, the attribute. By the former method, the simple predicate is always definite, being a verb (159). By the latter, it is a verb alone, or the copula together with a noun, pronoun, adjective, participle, adverb, phrase, or clause, added. The above models are preferred on account of their great simplicity. For a Model giving the kinds of elements, see p. 130, The president resides in Washington— is a simple declarative sentence. It is a sentence, etc. The simple subject is president. The complex subject is the president, consisting of the simple subject and the definitive adjective the, by which it is limited. The simple predicate is resides. The complex predicate is resides in Washington, consisting of the simple predicate and the phrase in Washington, by which it is limited. The phrase in Washington consists of the preposition in connecting resides and Washington, and the noun Washington, which is its object. (Parse.) EXAMPLES FOR ANALYZING AND PARSING. Simon was surnamed Peter. Cæsar de- read correctly. parte marched into Russia. We write with a pen. He came from the city. America was discovered by Columbus. Hannibal was defeated by Scipio. ADJECTIVES, ADVERBS, AND PHRASES. 163. An adjective may be limited : 1. By an adverb; as, "A very wise man.” 2. By a phrase; as, "He was anxious to go."—" The dog is useful for watching." NOTE.—When one adjective limits another, the two are parsed together; as, "A South -Sea drean:"-" Red-hot iron :"-" Ninety-four years." 164. An adverb may be limited : 1. By another adverb; as, "She reads very distinctly." 2. By a phrase, as, "She is old enough to learn."—" He studies best of all." 165. A phrase may become complex by the addition of one or more phrases or clauses : 1. By phrases; as, "It did much in the discovery of facts." 2. By clauses; as, "I speak of the man whom you saw.” EXERCISE. Write examples illustrating the limitation of adjectives, adverbs, and phrases. MODEL OF ANALYZING. They were very good men- is a simple declarative sentence. It is a sentence, etc. The subject is they. The simple predicate is were. The complex predicate is were very good men, consisting of the simple predicate, limited by the noun men, which is itself limited by the attributive adjective good, and this is limited by the adverb very. (Parse.) These remarks apply to the investigation of the science of medicine— is a simple declarative sentence. It is a sentence, etc. The simple subject is remarks. The complex subject is these remarks, consisting of the simple subject and the definitive adjective these, by which it is limited. The simple predicate is apply. The complex predicate is apply to the investigation of the science of medicine, consisting of the simple predicate and the complex phrase to the investigation of the science of medicine, by which it is limited. This complex phrase consists of the preposition to, and the noun investigation with its limitations. The preposition to connects apply and investigation, which is limited by the definitive adjective the and the complex phrase of the science of medicine. This complex phrase consists of the preposition of, and the noun science with its limitations. The preposition of connects investigation and science, which is limited by the definitive adjective the and the simple phrase of medicine. This phrase consists of the preposition of and the noun medicine, which it connects with science. (Parse.) He came from Boston by railroad to New York- is a simple declarative sentence. It is a sentence, etc. The subject is he. The simple predicate is came. The complex predicate is came from Boston by railroad to New York, consisting of the simple predicate, and the three phrases from Boston, by railroad, and to New York, by which it is limited. The phrase from Boston consists of the preposition from and the noun Boston, which it connects with the verb came. The phrase by railroad consists of the preposition by and the noun railroad, which it connects with the verb came. The phrase to New York consists of the preposition to and the noun New York, which it connects with the verb came. (Parse.) EXAMPLES FOR ANALYZING AND PARSING. A very great man has fallen. He is ready to proceed. The pen is useful for writing. He reads remarkably well. They will return long before night. Ajax was mighty in arms. I have seen man in the pride of his strength. The sturdy oak strikes its roots deep into the earth. He searched into hidden things. She was not in the dance. Its limbs. were pliant in its sports. Its blue eye was brilliant with tears. The wildest theories took the color of his whim. Amid all these changes, he stood immutable. Decision flashed upon his councils. He went from Rome to Paris. He came from Kentucky through Ohio into Pennsylvania. This idea in regard to the operation of the curative power of nature, was rejected by him. COMPLEX SENTENCES. 166. A complex sentence is one that contains two or more propositions one of which is subordinate to the rest; as, "I will go, when he comes." "I will go" is the principal clause :-" when he comes" is the subordinate or dependent clause, making complete sense only when united with the principal clause. 1. The subordinate clause is often placed first; as, "When he comes, I will go." The connective is a part of the subordinate clause, and with it limits the principal clause. Thus, in the example just given, the connective when forms part of the subordinate clause when he comes. 2. The propositions or clauses of a complex sentence are connected by subordinate conjunctions, conjunctive adverbs, relative pronouns, phrases, or incorporation; as, "You may go, if he is willing."-"The wicked flee, when no man pursues."-" He is respected by all who know him.' "This is the man I saw." "The more I examine the work, the better I like it."-"God said, 'Let there be light.' MODEL OF ANALYZING. When he comes, I will go— is a complex declarative sentence. It is a sentence, because it is a What does a complex sentence contain? What are the two clauses called? When does the subordinate clause make complete sense? What is the connective a part of? What does the subordinate clause limit? By what are the propositions or clauses of a complex sentence connected? collection of words embodying a complete thought; complex, because it contains two propositions one of which is subordinate to the other; declarative, because it expresses a declaration. The principal clause is I will go its subject is I; its predicate is will go;-go is the principal verb, will is an auxiliary. The subordinate clause is when he comes, connected with the principal clause by the conjunctive adverb when. Its subject is he; its predicate is comes. (Parse.) This is the man whom I saw is a complex declarative sentence. It is a sentence, because, etc.; complex, because, etc.; declarative, because, etc. The principal clause is this is the man. Its subject is this. Its simple predicate is is. Its complex predicate is is the man, consisting of the simple predicate and the noun man, by which it is limited, and which is itself limited by the definitive adjective the. The subordinate clause is whom I saw, connected with the principal clause by the relative pronoun whom. Its subject is I. Its simple predicate is saw. Its complex predicate is saw whom, consisting of the simple predicate and the pronoun whom in the objective, by which it is limited. (Parse.) The boy who studies will improve— is a complex declarative sentence. It is a sentence, etc. The principal clause is the boy will improve. Its simple subject is boy. Its complex subject is the boy, consisting of the simple subject and the definitive adjective the, by which it is limited. Its predicate is will improve; improve is the principal verb, will is an auxiliary. The subordinate clause is who studies, connected with the principal clause by the relative pronoun who. Its subject is who; its predicate is studies. (Parse.) EXAMPLES FOR ANALYZING AND PARSING. You say, that he is honest. The law has not been dead, though it has slept. Speak the speech, as I pronounced it to you. Show mankind, that truth has yet a friend. We again see that all below the sun is vanity. All this passed much quicker, than I can write it. We obey the laws of society, because they are the laws of virtue. He went to France, that he might finish his education. Though he slay me, yet will I trust in him. Kiss the Son, lest he be angry. If our fathers had not been united, this country would never have been free. As your mind is made up, it is useless to speak further. I know why you lent the umbrella. The sun was shining |