captivity, but decided it would not be politic to interfere. In the second war of the Mahrattas and English in 1803 Delhi was taken, and the poor, blind, old Emperor Shah Alam passed once more under English protection.

The last of the Great Moguls, Mohammed Bahadur Shah, was living in Delhi on English bounty when the Great Mutiny of 1857 broke out. The mutineers proclaimed him the Great Emperor. When the English recovered the city, he was captured and was imprisoned for life. The princes were shot.

THE BRITISH IN INDIA

In the fifteenth century the powers of Europe were trying to find a new route to India. Columbus sailed west carrying a letter to the Khan of Tartary, and discovered America instead of the new route; but Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope in 1498 and landed on the west coast of India. Thus Portugal was the first Christian country to get a foothold in India. The Portuguese established tradingposts at Surat and Goa on the west coast. They were followed by the Dutch, who established their posts on the islands along the east coast. Both nations had secured a good trade with India before the English ventures began. The Dutch traders were growing rich from the pepper and other products of India. This incited the English merchants, now that the way was open, to form a company to trade in the East Indies.

An association was formed with 125 shareholders, merchants of London, and a capital stock of £70,000. This was the organization of the famous English East India Company, and it received the royal charter from Queen Elizabeth on the last day of the year 1600.

For years there were sea fights for the right to trade with the islands and along the coast of India. In the first years of the seventeenth century the Portuguese

were driven from all the west coast, except Goa, and the English East India Company established factories. The Dutch drove the English from the islands on the east coast, but this resulted in English settlements on the peninsula itself. The early traders seem to have stood in awe of the Great Mogul, believing the native population to be one people united under one emperor; but when the English were driven from the Archipelago, they gradually procured licenses from the Great Mogul to establish factories on the mainland. In 1639 the site of the present city of Madras was purchased by the East India Company from the Rajah of Chandrigiri, and Fort St. George was built. This was the first territory owned by the Company. The island of Bombay was ceded by Portugal to the British Crown, and in 1668 King Charles II. sold his rights over Bombay to the East India Company. The Company had more difficulty in getting a settlement in the province of Bengal. It was not until 1700 that they were able to purchase three Indian villages there, that were on the site of the present city of Calcutta. In this way the three great presidencies, Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta, had their beginnings.

Until the end of the seventeenth century the English had thought of trading only. But uprisings of the Mahrattas against the Moguls taught the English that the Great Mogul was not the undisputed ruler of India.

Petty wars with both Mahrattas and Moguls showed the English that they would be compelled to acquire territory in order to protect their trade. The three great centres had been established, Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta; and the Company, about 1685, sent out Sir John Child with power to make war or peace and arrange for the safety of the Company. His title was Governor-General, a title that died with him and was not revived until it was given to Warren Hastings. The financial success of the East India Company was continuous. This caused rivalry and the formation of other English East India companies, but in every case the "interloper," whether a company or an individual, was taken into the original association, so that from 1600 to 1858 the name English East India Company stands for one organization. During the seventeenth century the French organized a French East India Company similar to the Dutch and English companies. The French and English traded side by side without the rivalry that had existed between the English and the other European nations, until the war of the Austrian succession made the representatives of France and England in India fear each other. During the difficulties that arose at this time the French captured Madras, and although it was restored to the English by the terms of the treaty entered into by the home government at Aix-la-Chapelle, the French success

influenced the native rulers later to side with the French and feel contempt for the English. The French were more diplomatic than the English and more affable to the native chiefs, and so had gained many favors from the Emperor at Delhi, the Great Mogul, such as being allowed to coin money for the provinces of the Carnatic. By the middle of the eighteenth century the French had a lucrative trade in India, with posts at Pondicherry in the Carnatic and Chandernagor near Calcutta.

Dupleix in 1741 was made Governor of Pondicherry with supreme control over French India. Southern India, after the death of the Great Mogul Aurungzebe, had divided up into states that declared themselves independent of the Mogul. By supporting the claims of two native chiefs, one for the Carnatic and one for the Deccan, Dupleix became a political power. In self-defence the English espoused the cause of a rival chief for the Carnatic, Mohammed Ali, afterward known as the "Nabob of Arcot." It was at this time that Clive, a young man of twenty-four, without military training, came forward with a plan to recover lost ground for the English. He was listened to and allowed troops. The account of the struggle between the French and the English for the control of the Carnatic, and the success of the English; and the further account of Clive's successes in Bengal, where he con