University of Glasgow; made a Fellow of the Royal Society; elected a Foreign Member of the French Academy, and of the Prussian Order of Merit; and High Stewart of Cambridge. He was raised to the peerage as Baron Macaulay of Rothley, the first literary man to receive this honor in recognition of literary work. And yet his last days were sad ones. He once said, “There are not ten people in the world whose deaths would spoil my dinner, but there are one or two whose deaths would break my heart." This " one or two" came to mean his sisters Margaret and Hannah. When Margaret died it did almost break his heart; and the marriage of his sister Hannah while he and she were in India seemed almost as hard to bear. His sister Hannah and her husband, Lord Trevelyan, were as devoted to him as he was to them, so they returned to England when he did and he lived with them or near them the remainder of his life. The year 1859 found him failing in bodily health very rapidly, although his friends did not know how ill he was. He continued to write on his History, but was sorrowfully conscious that he could not finish it. "To-day I wrote a pretty fair quantity of history. I should like to finish William before I go. But this is like the old excuses that were made to Charon."

A blow had fallen on him this year that probably hastened his end. His sister Hannah's husband had

been appointed Governor of Madras, and had sailed for India; there the beloved Hannah must soon follow him. Macaulay accepted this, the heaviest trial that could come to him, with a cheerful acquiescence; but in his diary is the entry, "I could almost wish that what is to be were to be immediately. I dread the next four months more even than the months which will follow the separation. This prolonged parting this slow sipping of the vinegar and the gallis terrible."

As he grew weaker his anxiety lest he should grow irritable is expressed, and he adds, "But I will take care. I have thought several times of late that the last scene of the play is approaching. I should wish to act it simply, but with fortitude and gentleness united."

His wish was realized. His friends found him sitting in his easy chair in the library with his book open before him. The end had come before the dreaded parting from his sister.

He was buried in the Poets' Corner of Westminster Abbey on the 9th of January, 1860.

INDIA

When the British began trading in India they found the native people divided into two great contending forces - the Hindus and the Mohammedans. These two forces may be accounted for, in general, in this way, taking Sir William Wilson Hunter, a vice-president of the Royal Asiatic Society, as authority: The Hindus, made up of:

Non-Aryans (the Aborigines).

Aryans — (from Aryan plateau).

Scythians (Huns, Tartars). (From Western Asia. Possibly non-Aryans, though probably Aryans.)

These three had formed a settled nation with a common religion; and their pride of birth, learning, and prowess had crystallized into the four great Hindu castes before the year 1000 A.d.

The Mohammedans.

About 1000 A.D. various Tartar tribes of Arabia, who had embraced Mohammedanism, overran India, conquering parts of it and setting up the Mogul Empire.

The Hindus: NON-ARYANS. - Although the nonAryans are called the Aborigines, the weapons and utensils of agate, flint, and iron that are found indicate earlier people than these, of whom there is no

written account. The only history we have of the non-Aryans is in the Vedas of their conquerors, the Aryans. They have no race name. The Vedic poets sang of them as "the flat-nosed, black-skinned raweaters," and again, "of fearful swiftness, unyielding in battle, in color like a dark blue cloud." Their idols were hideous creatures whom they feared; they had no good deities. They are classed among the Hindus, but some of their tribes are scattered along the hills and mountains of India and retain distinctive tribe names. The Hillmen of Madras, the Bhils of the Vindya Hills, the Santals, and the Gurkhas of the Himalayas, are non-Aryans. These people are brave and loyal when fairly treated. The Gurkha regiments in the English army and the Bhil treasury-guards have justified the confidence placed in them.

THE ARYANS. From the Aryan plateau in West Asia, branches of one great family set forth in different directions. Some travelled west and became what we know as the Greek and Roman nations, and from other branches that wandered on farther west we are descended through our Keltic and Teutonic forefathers. Still others went east and south. One entered the Punjab through the Himalayas and spread over India, conquering the non-Aryans or driving them to the mountains. Their earliest literature, the Rig-Veda, dated variously from 3000 to 1400 B.C., and

their other Vedas, sing of their marching eastward and "subjecting the black-skinned to the Aryan man." These hymns praise the gods of the Aryan, "the Shining Ones," and condemn the hideous monsters of the Dasyus, or enemies. At first, like all conquering people, the Aryans confined themselves to war, and there seems to have been the same patriarchal form of government as in the Teutonic tribes. Gradually the people became divided into classes, through their occupations, and these classes are what are known to us as the castes of India, which are hereditary and whose bounds are impassable. For a time there seems to have been a struggle for supremacy between the soldier and student classes, which was won by the latter. The four great castes are the Brahman, Rajput, Vaisya, and Sudra:

Brahmans. The men of learning of India formed the highest caste. From this caste came the poets, philosophers, teachers, lawgivers, and priests of the people, but never the king. They were the advisers of the kings because they were the men of greatest wisdom, but it was not prudent that king and counsellors should all come from the same class, so the king was always one of the Rajputs. They stood between the people and the great god Brahma, and so were called Brahmans. It was a part of their duty to memorize the Vedas and teach them to the youth