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former of these sources we cannot derive this knowledge; because no declaration of Scripture asserts any thing of this nature. All our knowledge with regard to it, therefore, must of course be derived from the latter. I ask, then, what knowledge does the nature of this subject furnish us of the truth of the objection? Is it derived from the fact, that this agency has been called irresistible? With the arguments derived from the use of this term, on either side, I have no concern. It is not used in the Scriptures, nor do I either discern or admit the propriety of using it. The task of defending the use of it, therefore, I shall leave to those who do.

Is it derived from the fact, that this agency is extraneous? It will not be pretended that all extraneous influence on the mind destroys its freedom. We act upon the minds of each other, and often with complete efficacy; yet it will not be said, that we destroy each other's freedom of acting. God, for aught that appears, may act also on our minds, and with an influence which shall be decisive; and yet not destroy, nor even lessen, our freedom.

Does the truth of the objection appear in the particular kind of agency here used. Let me ask the objector, what is this particular kind of agency? The only account of the subject in the Scriptures is, that it is renovating, regenerating, or sanctifying. So far as my knowledge extends, neither the friends nor the adversaries of the doctrine have added any thing to this account which explains the subject any farther. But can it be said even with plausibility, that God cannot sanctify an intelligent creature without infringing on his freedom? If it be said, it should also be proved; and this, so far as my knowledge extends, has not hitherto been done. Until it shall be done, the mere assertion of our opponents may be fairly answered by a contrary assertion.

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When God created man, he created him in his own image. This, St. Paul informs us, consists in knowledge, righteousness, and true holiness.' But if God, without destroying or rather preventing his freedom of agency, could create him in this image, it will be difficult to prove, or to conceive, that he cannot restore to his descendants the same image, after it has been lost, without destroying their freedom. The thing given is the same; and the agency by which it is given is the same. Its influence on the freedom of the creature must

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therefore be exactly the same. Its whole influence, in both cases alike, is successive to the agency itself; and must of course affect the freedom of the creature in precisely the same

manner.

Does our experience furnish any knowledge of this nature? Ask any Christian, and he will tell you, if competent to answer the question, that he is conscious of no loss nor change in his own freedom of acting; that, on the contrary, he chose and acted in the same manner as before, and with the same full possession of all his powers; and that the only difference between his former and present state is, that he now loves God, and obeys him voluntarily; whereas he formerly hated him and voluntarily disobeyed him.

The truth is, this objection is not derived from Revelation, nor from fact. It owes its existence only to the philosophical scheme of agency, which makes the freedom of moral beings consist in self-determination, indifference, and contingency; a scheme, in its own nature impossible and selfcontradictory; as any person may see completely evinced in an inquiry concerning this subject by the first President Edwards.

Upon the whole, the plain declarations of the Scriptures are not to be set aside by the philosophy of men. Especially is this not to be done where the subject of investigation lies, as in the present case, beyond our reach. What the precise nature of the agency of the Holy Ghost in regenerating mankind is, in the metaphysical sense, man cannot know. It becomes all men, therefore, to be satisfied with the declarations of God, who does know; who cannot deceive us; and who has, of course, declared to us the truth.

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SERMON LXXIII.

REGENERATION.

ITS NECESSITY AND REALITY.

JESUS ANSWERED AND SAID UNTO HIM, VERILY, VERILY, I SAY UNTO THEE, EXCEPT A MAN BE BORN AGAIN HE CANNOT SEE THE KINGDOM OF GOD.

JOHN III. 3.

HAVING considered the character of the Holy Ghost, and his agency in the work of regeneration, I shall now proceed, according to the plan originally proposed, to examine the work itself, under the three following heads:

I. The necessity,
II. The reality,

III. The nature of regeneration.

I. 1 shall consider the necessity of the work of regeneration. In the preceding Discourse I took the fact, that some men are regenerated, for granted; and on this ground attempted to prove that the agency of the Spirit of God was necessary for the accomplishment of our regeneration. The question concerning the necessity of regeneration itself, and the question concerning the necessity of that agency in producing it, are entirely distinct. Yet it will be readily perceived, that the arguments adduced under the latter question in the preceding Discourse, may with unabated force be, in several instances, applied to the former; that, which is now under consideration. Particularly is this true concerning se

veral passages of Scripture, then adduced. For example, John iii. 5, 6; Rom. viii. 6, 7; Gal. v. 19-23; 2 Thess. ii. 13; 1 Cor. vi. 11, connected with the context; are all, together with several others, of this nature. On these, to avoid wearying my audience with repetitions, I shall not at present

insist.

At the same time, the certainty that there is nothing in our moral character which will lead us to regenerate ourselves, as exhibited in that Discourse, is one, and an important one, among the reasons which evince, in connection with other arguments, the necessity of our regeneration; and is therefore with propriety recalled to your remembrance on the present occasion.

But the great proof of the necessity of regeneration is found in the depravity of our nature. The universality and the degree of this corruption have been shown, if I am not deceived, in a manner too evident to be rationally called in question. In the Discourses which I formerly delivered on these subjects, I produced a long train of passages of Scripture, in which the natural character of man is, in the most unequivocal terms, declared to be corrupt, sinful, and abominable in the sight of God. This truth I elucidated also by arguments drawn from reason and experience, which to my own view were unanswerable. Among these I specified the opposition made by mankind to the Gospel; the testimonies which mankind have themselves given concerning this subject in their laws, their religion, their history, their conversation, and their conduct, both in amusements and in the serious business of life. From these, and several other things, I derived it as a consequence flowing in my own view irresistibly from the premises, that in our flesh,' or native character, there dwelleth no good thing.'

This doctrine St. Paul teaches in the most explicit manner in the three first chapters of the Epistle to the Romans; and, commenting on his own words, says, We have proved both Jews and Gentiles, that they are all under sin.'

I shall consider this point as being actually proved; and on this basis shall found the following arguments, designed to show the necessity of regeneration.

* See Sermons xxix. to xxxiv. inclusive.

1. It is unreasonable to suppose that God can admit sinners to the blessings of heaven.

God is perfectly holy, and therefore regards sin only with hatred and abhorrence. Every sinner opposes his whole character, law, designs, and government; loves what he hates, hates what he loves, and labours to dishonour his name, and to frustrate his purposes. The designs of God involve the supreme and eternal good of the universe. In the accomplishment of this divine purpose his glory is entirely manifested, because the best of all characters is thus displayed in the most perfect degree. But these designs, and the character discovered in accomplishing them, the sinner steadily hates, and opposes. Were it in his power, he would frustrate their accomplishment; and prevent the glory of God, and the supreme good of the creation.

This character of the sinner God discerns with clear and unerring certainty. Both his guilt and its desert are naked to the omniscient eye. It is impossible therefore that he should not regard it with abhorrence. To suppose him then to approve and love such a character, is to suppose him to approve of that which he sees to be deserving of his absolute reprobation; and to love that which he knows merits nothing but his hatred. Should he in fact do this, he would invert his whole system of dispensations towards the universe; and exhibit to his intelligent creatures a character totally new, and directly opposite to that which he has displayed hitherto in his law and government, especially in the work of Redemption. Of course, he would not only cease to be unchangeable, but would become a being of a totally opposite character to that perfect one which he has hitherto challenged to himself. He would renounce his deity; and cease to sustain the excellence involved in the incommunicable name, Jehovah.

Farther: Should God, without approving of a sinful character, confer upon the unregenerated sinner the blessings which are the proper rewards of virtuous creatures, he would equally desert his character and government, and overthrow the wisdom, equity, and end of his designs. Every external favour shown to guilty beings after their probation is ended, is a testimony on the part of God, that he approves of their conduct during the probationary state, and a reward for that conduct. It is a definitive testimony; a testimony given when all

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